Old English macian, Its Origin and Dissemination

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66612/2/10.1177_007542428601900105.pd

A systematic review of the health, social and financial impacts of welfare rights advice delivered in healthcare settings

BACKGROUND: Socio-economic variations in health, including variations in health according to wealth and income, have been widely reported. A potential method of improving the health of the most deprived groups is to increase their income. State funded welfare programmes of financial benefits and benefits in kind are common in developed countries. However, there is evidence of widespread under claiming of welfare benefits by those eligible for them. One method of exploring the health effects of income supplementation is, therefore, to measure the health effects of welfare benefit maximisation programmes. We conducted a systematic review of the health, social and financial impacts of welfare rights advice delivered in healthcare settings. METHODS: Published and unpublished literature was accessed through searches of electronic databases, websites and an internet search engine; hand searches of journals; suggestions from experts; and reference lists of relevant publications. Data on the intervention delivered, evaluation performed, and outcome data on health, social and economic measures were abstracted and assessed by pairs of independent reviewers. Results are reported in narrative form. RESULTS: 55 studies were included in the review. Only seven studies included a comparison or control group. There was evidence that welfare rights advice delivered in healthcare settings results in financial benefits. There was little evidence that the advice resulted in measurable health or social benefits. This is primarily due to lack of good quality evidence, rather than evidence of an absence of effect. CONCLUSION: There are good theoretical reasons why income supplementation should improve health, but currently little evidence of adequate robustness and quality to indicate that the impact goes beyond increasing income

The battle of Maldon, and short poems from the Saxon chronicle;

Bibliography: p. [45]-50.Mode of access: Internet

Mainsforth Village study An informal plan containing policies for the control of future housing development in Mainsforth Village; adopted by Sedgefield District Council on 28th July, 1982

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Lending Division - LD:OP-LG/1453 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Beowulf

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Defect Detection in Thin-film Photovoltaics; Towards Improved Efficiency and Longevity

The photovoltaic (PV) industry is seeking to increase efficiency and functional lifetime of PV modules manufactured on polymer substrates. High resolution and high speed surface inspection for the quality control of the manufacture of large area flexible PV modules are necessary to guarantee maximum quality, longer lifetime and enhanced product yield. Flexible PV films are the newest development in the renewable energy field and the latest films have efficiencies at or beyond the level of Si-based rigid PV modules. These modules are fabricated on polymer film by the repeated deposition, and patterning, of thin layer materials using roll-to-roll technology. However, they are at present highly susceptible to long term environmental degradation as a result of water vapor transmission through the protective encapsulation to the active layer. To reduce the WVTR the PV encapsulation includes a barrier layer of amorphous Al2O3 on a planarised polymer substrate. This highly conformal barrier layer is produced by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Nevertheless water vapour transmission is still facilitated by the presence of micro and nano-scale defects in these barriers which results in decreased cell efficiency and reduced longevity. Analytical techniques including: White Light Scanning Interferometry (WLSI), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterise the water vapor barrier defects. Areal surface texture parameter analysis allows the efficient separation of small insignificant features from significant defects. This parametric analysis is then correlated with the water vapour transmission rate as measured on typical sets of films using standard MOCON test. The paper finishes by drawing conclusions based on analysis of WVTR and defect size, density and distribution, where it is postulated that small numbers of large features have more influence on the deterioration of water vapor transmission rates than large numbers of small features. This result provides the basis for developing roll-to-roll in process metrology devices for quality control

Defect Detection in Thin-film Photovoltaics; Towards Improved Efficiency and Longevity

The photovoltaic (PV) industry is seeking to increase efficiency and functional lifetime of PV modules manufactured on polymer substrates. High resolution and high speed surface inspection for the quality control of the manufacture of large area flexible PV modules are necessary to guarantee maximum quality, longer lifetime and enhanced product yield. Flexible PV films are the newest development in the renewable energy field and the latest films have efficiencies at or beyond the level of Si-based rigid PV modules. These modules are fabricated on polymer film by the repeated deposition, and patterning, of thin layer materials using roll-to-roll technology. However, they are at present highly susceptible to long term environmental degradation as a result of water vapor transmission through the protective encapsulation to the active layer. To reduce the WVTR the PV encapsulation includes a barrier layer of amorphous Al2O3 on a planarised polymer substrate. This highly conformal barrier layer is produced by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Nevertheless water vapour transmission is still facilitated by the presence of micro and nano-scale defects in these barriers which results in decreased cell efficiency and reduced longevity. Analytical techniques including: White Light Scanning Interferometry (WLSI), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterise the water vapor barrier defects. Areal surface texture parameter analysis allows the efficient separation of small insignificant features from significant defects. This parametric analysis is then correlated with the water vapour transmission rate as measured on typical sets of films using standard MOCON test. The paper finishes by drawing conclusions based on analysis of WVTR and defect size, density and distribution, where it is postulated that small numbers of large features have more influence on the deterioration of water vapor transmission rates than large numbers of small features. This result provides the basis for developing roll-to-roll in process metrology devices for quality control

Shildon - Newton Aycliffe - Bishop Auckland ERDF programme 1984-89 Review of objectives

(ERDF - European Regional Development Fund)Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:OP/LG-5748 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Shildon Action Group Interim action plan

Available from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:OP/LG-1520 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo