3D shape based reconstruction of experimental data in Diffuse Optical Tomography

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) aims at recovering three-dimensional images of absorption and scattering parameters inside diffusive body based on small number of transmission measurements at the boundary of the body. This image reconstruction problem is known to be an ill-posed inverse problem, which requires use of prior information for successful reconstruction. We present a shape based method for DOT, where we assume a priori that the unknown body consist of disjoint subdomains with different optical properties. We utilize spherical harmonics expansion to parameterize the reconstruction problem with respect to the subdomain boundaries, and introduce a finite element (FEM) based algorithm that uses a novel 3D mesh subdivision technique to describe the mapping from spherical harmonics coefficients to the 3D absorption and scattering distributions inside a unstructured volumetric FEM mesh. We evaluate the shape based method by reconstructing experimental DOT data, from a cylindrical phantom with one inclusion with high absorption and one with high scattering. The reconstruction was monitored, and we found a 87% reduction in the Hausdorff measure between targets and reconstructed inclusions, 96% success in recovering the location of the centers of the inclusions and 87% success in average in the recovery for the volumes

Transient Nucleation near the Mean-Field Spinodal

Nucleation is considered near the pseudospinodal in a one-dimensional $\phi^4$ model with a non-conserved order parameter and long-range interactions. For a sufficiently large system or a system with slow relaxation to metastable equilibrium, there is a non-negligible probability of nucleation occurring before reaching metastable equilibrium. This process is referred to as transient nucleation. The critical droplet is defined to be the configuration of maximum likelihood that is dynamically balanced between the metastable and stable wells. Time-dependent droplet profiles and nucleation rates are derived, and theoretical results are compared to computer simulation. The analysis reveals a distribution of nucleation times with a distinct peak characteristic of a nonstationary nucleation rate. Under the quench conditions employed, transient critical droplets are more compact than the droplets found in metastable equilibrium simulations and theoretical predictions.Comment: 7 Pages, 5 Figure

Sintered glass-ceramics for dental applications

Sintered glass-ceramics are very important to the development of biomaterials for restorative dentistry. The following systems have shown to be particularly suitable: SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Κ₂O (leucite), SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Κ₂O-CaO-P₂O₅-F (leucite,apatite), SiO₂-Al₂O₃-CaO-P₂O₅-F (apatite), Li₂O-SiO₂ (lithiumdisilicate) and SiO₂-P₂O₅-Li₂O-ZrO₂ (ZrO₂ crystals). The principles involved in developing materials of this kind and the applications of these materials will be shown in the following survey

The Importance of Perioperative Administration of an Anti-Hyperalgesic Drug in Burn Wounds

The importance of perioperative administration of an anti-hyperalgesic drug in burn wounds

Critical connectedness of thin arithmetical discrete planes

An arithmetical discrete plane is said to have critical connecting thickness if its thickness is equal to the infimum of the set of values that preserve its $2$-connectedness. This infimum thickness can be computed thanks to the fully subtractive algorithm. This multidimensional continued fraction algorithm consists, in its linear form, in subtracting the smallest entry to the other ones. We provide a characterization of the discrete planes with critical thickness that have zero intercept and that are $2$-connected. Our tools rely on the notion of dual substitution which is a geometric version of the usual notion of substitution acting on words. We associate with the fully subtractive algorithm a set of substitutions whose incidence matrix is provided by the matrices of the algorithm, and prove that their geometric counterparts generate arithmetic discrete planes.Comment: 18 pages, v2 includes several corrections and is a long version of the DGCI extended abstrac

Electrical Detection and Magnetic-Field Control of Spin States in Phosphorus-Doped Silicon

Electron paramagnetic resonance of ensembles of phosphorus donors in silicon has been detected electrically with externally applied magnetic fields lower than 200 G. Because the spin Hamiltonian was dominated by the contact hyperfine term rather than by the Zeeman terms at such low magnetic fields, superposition states $\alpha{}| \uparrow \downarrow >+\beta{}| \downarrow \uparrow >$ and $-\beta{}| \uparrow \downarrow > + \alpha{}| \downarrow \uparrow >$ were formed between phosphorus electron and nuclear spins, and electron paramagnetic resonance transitions between these superposition states and $| \uparrow \uparrow >$ or $| \downarrow \downarrow >$ states are observed clearly. A continuous change of $\alpha{}$ and $\beta{}$ with the magnetic field was observed with a behavior fully consistent with theory of phosphorus donors in silicon.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Transport and recombination through weakly coupled localized spin pairs in semiconductors during coherent spin excitation

Semi-analytical predictions for the transients of spin-dependent transport and recombination rates through localized states in semiconductors during coherent electron spin excitation are made for the case of weakly spin-coupled charge carrier ensembles. The results show that the on-resonant Rabi frequency of electrically or optically detected spin-oscillation doubles abruptly as the strength of the resonant microwave field gamma B_1 exceeds the Larmor frequency separation within the pair of charge carrier states between which the transport or recombination transition takes place. For the case of a Larmor frequency separation of the order of gamma B_1 and arbitrary excitation frequencies, the charge carrier pairs exhibit four different nutation frequencies. From the calculations, a simple set of equations for the prediction of these frequencies is derived

Single Electron Spin Decoherence by Nuclear Spin Bath: Linked Cluster Expansion Approach

We develop a theoretical model for transverse dynamics of a single electron spin interacting with a nuclear spin bath. The approach allows a simple diagrammatic representation and analytical expressions of different nuclear spin excitation processes contributing to electron spin decoherence and dynamical phase fluctuations. It accounts for nuclear spin dynamics beyond conventional pair correlation models. As an illustration of the theory, we evaluated the coherence dynamics of a P donor electron spin in a Si crystal.Comment: 37 pages, 13 figure

A new mechanism for electron spin echo envelope modulation

Electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) has been observed for the first time from a coupled hetero-spin pair of electron and nucleus in liquid solution. Previously, modulation effects in spin echo experiments have only been described in liquid solutions for a coupled pair of homonuclear spins in NMR or a pair of resonant electron spins in EPR. We observe low-frequency ESEEM (26 and 52 kHz) due to a new mechanism present for any electron spin with S>1/2 that is hyperfine coupled to a nuclear spin. In our case these are electron spin (S=3/2) and nuclear spin (I=1) in the endohedral fullerene N@C60. The modulation is shown to arise from second order effects in the isotropic hyperfine coupling of an electron and 14N nucleus.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figure