Análise da vulnerabilidade e do risco potencial de contaminação das águas subterrâneas do Sistema Aquífero Serra Geral no município de Flores da Cunha

O crescimento pela demanda de água aumenta cada vez mais uma vez que a dependência do mesmo está atrelada a diferentes usos e explorações da mesma. Diretamente ligado a esse crescimento do uso da água, é de extrema importância que medidas de prevenção sejam tomadas com a finalidade de conservarmos nossos recursos hídricos subterrâneos. Este estudo buscou analisar e identificar a vulnerabilidade e o risco de contaminação do sistema aquífero serra geral no município de Flores da Cunha. Utilizando dados disponibilizados pelos principais órgãos de água subterrânea do país e do estado e também órgãos ambientais foi possível realizar a caracterização geológica e hidrogeológica do local de estudo, bem como criar um banco de dados para o emprego das metodologias adequadas. A vulnerabilidade do sistema aquífero Serra Geral foi avaliada através da metodologia GOD e o risco de contaminação do mesmo foi avaliado através da metodologia POSH. Na região de estudo, o Sistema Aquífero Serra Geral está localizado nas fraturas das rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral. Para realizar este estudo o banco de dados criado era composto por 322 dados de poços, porém apenas 122 deles possuíam dados suficientes para a aplicação das metodologias propostas. A caracterização hidrogeológica foi possível de ser feita baseada em dados de profundidade, nível estático e vazão de estabilização. As profundidades variaram entre 18 e 306 metros com uma média de 122 metros. O nível estático variou entre 0,06 e 70 metros, com uma média de 15 metros e as vazões de estabilização variaram entre 0,1 e 184 m3/h com uma média de 26,10 m3/h. A análise da vulnerabilidade do sistema aquífero serra geral mostrou que 94% da área do município encontra-se sob a classe de vulnerabilidade moderada, com ainda 5% com classe baixa e o 1% restante com classe alta. Das fontes de contaminação difusas, em relação ao potencial contaminador, 55% da área foi definida como não classificado, 40% foi classificado como moderado, 5% foi classificado como reduzido e valores inexpressíveis de área (0.19 km2) foram classificados como elevado. As fontes de contaminação pontuais foram representadas por 184 fontes sendo que 73% foram classificadas como potencial contaminador reduzido, 9% foram classificadas como potencial contaminador moderado e o restante, 18%, classificadas como potencial contaminador elevado. O risco de contaminação das fontes difusas teve como resultado 55% da área classificado como desprezível, 38% classificado como moderado, 7% classificado como baixo e valores inexpressíveis foram classificados como muito baixo (0.8 km2) e elevado (1.33 km2). Já o risco de contaminação das fontes pontuais mostrou que 4% (7 fontes) foram classificadas como risco muito baixo, 67% (124 fontes) foram classificadas como risco baixo, 10% (19 fontes) foram classificadas como risco moderado, 19% (34 fontes) foram classificadas como risco alto.The growth in the demand for water is increasing more and more as dependence on it is tied to different uses and exploitation of water. Directly linked to this growth and this increase in water demand, it is extremely important that preventive measures are taken in order to conserve our underground water resources. This study sought to analyze and identify the vulnerability and risk of contamination of the serra geral aquifer system in the municipality of Flores da Cunha. Using data available for the main bodies of underground water of the country and the state and also environmental bodies it was possible to carry through the geologic and hydrogeologic characterization of the place of study, as well as to create a database for the employment of methodologies. The vulnerability of the serra geral aquifer system was assessed using the through the GOD methodology and its contamination risk was evaluated through the POSH methodology. In the study region, the Serra Geral Aquifer System occurs through fractures in the volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation. To carry out this study the database created was composed of 322 wells. However, only 122 of them had sufficient data for the application of the proposed methodologies. The hydrogeological characterization was possible to be done based on depth, static level and stabilization flow data. The depths ranged between 18 and 306 meters with an average of 122 meters. The static level ranged from 0.06 and 70 meters, with an average of 15 meters, and the stabilization flow rates ranged between 0.1 and 184 m3/h with an average of 26.10 m3/h. The vulnerability analysis of the Serra Geral aquifer system showed that 94% of the municipal area is under the moderate vulnerability class, with still 5% in the low class and the remaining 1% in the high class. Of the diffuse sources of contamination, in relation to the potential contaminant, 55% of the area was defined as negligible, 40% was classified as moderate, 5% was classified as low, and inexpressible values of area (0.19 km2) were classified as high. Point sources of contamination were represented by 184 sources of which 73% were classified as low contaminant potential, 9% were classified as moderate contaminant potential, and the remaining 18% were classified as high contaminant potential. The risk of contamination from diffuse sources resulted in 55% of the area being classified as despicable, 38% as moderate, 7% as low, and negligible values were classified as very low (0.8 km2) and high (1.33 km2). The contamination risk of point sources showed that 4% (7 sources) were classified as very low risk, 67% (124 sources) were classified as low risk, 10% (19 sources) were classified as moderate risk, 19% (34 sources) were classified as high risk

Gestational Low Protein Diet Modulation on miRNA Transcriptome and Its Target During Fetal and Breastfeeding Nephrogenesis

BackgroundThe kidney ontogenesis is the most structurally affected by gestational protein restriction, reducing 28% of their functional units. The reduced nephron number is predictive of hypertension and cardiovascular dysfunctions that are generally observed in the adult age of most fetal programming models. We demonstrate miRNAs and predict molecular pathway changes associated with reduced reciprocal interaction between metanephros cap (CM) and ureter bud (UB) and a 28% decreased nephron stem cells in the 17 gestational days (17GD) low protein (LP) intake male fetal kidney. Here, we evaluated the same miRNAs and predicted targets in the kidneys of 21GD and at 7 days of life (7DL) LP offspring to elucidate the molecular modulations during nephrogenesis.MethodsPregnant Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: NP (regular protein diet- 17%) or LP (diet-6%). miRNA transcriptome sequencing (miRNA-Seq) was performed on the MiSeq platform from 21GD and 7DL male offspring kidneys using previously described methods. Among the top 10 dysfunctional regulated miRNAs, we validated 7 related to proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis processes and investigated predicted target genes and proteins by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry.ResultsIn 21GD, LP fetuses were identified alongside 21 differently expressed miRNAs, of which 12 were upregulated and 9 downregulated compared to age-matched NP offspring. In 7-DL LP offspring, the differentially expressed miRNAs were counted to be 74, of which 46 were upregulated and 28 downregulated. The curve from 17-GD to 7-DL shows that mTOR was fundamental in reducing the number of nephrons in fetal kidneys where the mothers were subjected to a protein restriction. IGF1 and TGFβ curves also seemed to present the same mTOR pattern and were modulated by miRNAs 181a-5p, 181a-3p, and 199a-5p. The miRNA 181c-3p modulated SIX2 and Notch1 reduction in 7-DL but not in terms of the enhanced expression of both in the 21-GD, suggesting the participation of an additional regulator. We found enhanced Bax in 21-GD; it was regulated by miRNA 298-5p, and Bcl2 and Caspase-3 were controlled by miRNA (by 7a-5p and not by the predicted 181a-5p). The miRNA 144-3p regulated BCL6, which was enhanced, as well as Zeb 1 and 2 induced by BCL6. These results revealed that in 21GD, the compensatory mechanisms in LP kidneys led to the activation of UB ramification. Besides, an increase of 32% in the CM stem cells and a possible cell cycle halt of renal progenitor cells, which remaining undifferentiated, were observed. In the 7DL, much more altered miRNA expression was found in LP kidneys, and this was probably due to an increased maternal diet content. Additionally, we verified the activation of pathways related to differentiation and consumption of progenitor cells

Memorial de infantería: Época 2 Número 9 - marzo 1873

Rice is the staple food for over half of the world’s population. Infestation of Schizotetranychus oryzae (Acari: Tetranychidae) causes great losses in rice productivity. To search for rice genotypes that could better tolerate S. oryzae infestation, we evaluated morphological and production parameters in Brazilian cultivars, and identified two cultivars with contrasting responses. Leaf damage during infestation was similar for all cultivars. However, infestation in Puitá INTA-CL resulted in reduction in the number of seeds per plant, percentage of full seeds, weight of 1,000 seeds, and seed length, whereas infestation in IRGA 423 increased weight of 1,000 seeds and seed length. Reduction in seed weight per plant caused by infestation was clearly higher in Puitá INTA-CL (62%) compared to IRGA 423 (no reduction detected), thus Puitá INTA-CL was established as susceptible, and IRGA 423 as tolerant to S. oryzae infestation. Photosynthetic parameters were less affected by infestation in IRGA 423 than in Puitá INTA-CL, evidencing higher efficiency of energy absorption and use. S. oryzae infestation also caused accumulation of H2O2, decreased cell membrane integrity (indicative of cell death), and accelerated senescence in leaves of Puitá INTA-CL, while leaves of IRGA 423 presented higher levels of total phenolics compounds. We performed proteomics analysis of Puitá INTA-CL and IRGA 423 leaves after 7 days of infestation, and identified 60 differentially abundant proteins (28 more abundant in leaves of Puitá INTA-CL and 32 in IRGA 423). Proteins related to plant defense, such as jasmonate synthesis, and related to other mechanisms of tolerance such as oxidative stress, photosynthesis, and DNA structure maintenance, together with energy production and general metabolic processes, were more abundant in IRGA 423. We also detected higher levels of silicon (as amorphous silica cells) in leaves of infested IRGA 423 plants compared to Puitá INTA-CL, an element previously linked to plant defense, indicating that it could be involved in tolerance mechanisms. Taken together, our data show that IRGA 423 presents tolerance to S. oryzae infestation, and that multiple mechanisms might be employed by this cultivar. These findings could be used in biotechnological approaches aiming to increase rice tolerance to mite infestation