How global fisheries subsidies distribution impact small-scale fisheries

We present a bottom-up analysis of the proportion of global marine fisheries subsidies to small-scale fisheries (SSF). Using existing data, we split the reported national subsidy amounts into the fraction that goes to small- compared to large-scale fishing sectors. Results reveal a major imbalance in subsidy distribution, with SSF receiving only about 16% of the total global fisheries subsidy amount of $35 billion in 2009. In other terms, a fisher engaged in large-scale fisheries receives 4 times more subsidies than their small-scale counterpart. Almost 90% of capacity-enhancing subsidies, which are known to exacerbate overfishing go to large-scale fisheries, thus increasing the unfair competitive advantage that large-scale fisheries already have. The developmental, economic and social consequences of this inequity at a global scale impair the economic viability of the already vulnerable small-scale fishing sector. Conclusions indicate that taxpayers' money should be used to support sustainable fishing practices and in turn ocean conservation, and not to foster the degradation of marine ecosystems, often a result of capacity-enhancing subsidies. We argue that reducing capacity-enhancing subsidies will have minimal negative effects on SSF communities since they receive very little of these subsidies to begin with. Instead, it will help correct the existing inequality, enhance SSF economic viability, and promote global fisheries sustainability

The Economic Viability of Small- vs. Large-Scale Fisheries: An Example from Mexico

Achieving economic viability is an important goal when it comes to developing policies for sustainable fisheries management, especially for small-scale fisheries (SSF). SSF are vital for many coastal communities, however, often economically and politically marginalized. Here, we develop and estimate what we denote as ‘basic economic viability’ of SSF, using Mexican fisheries as an example. Results from 2000 to 2012 show increasing economic viability of SSF, mainly driven by decreasing fishing effort and increasing total revenue. Despite receiving 75% of total fisheries subsidies, the economic viability of large-scale fisheries (LSF) declined over the study period and more recently has fallen below zero, indicating a negative contribution to society. Recommendations for improvement in economic viability of fisheries include improved fisheries monitoring, especially in small coastal communities that is backed by increased access to data (social and economic). This can be done by re-directing capacity-enhancing subsidies towards strengthening fisheries management and broadening the livelihood possibilities available to fishers. We hope that results from assessments such as this help bridge the current knowledge gap in SSF research essential for policy making and management, that would not only improve economic viability but also the sustainability of the fish stocks upon which they rely

CD4+ T Cell Effects on CD8+ T Cell Location Defined Using Bioluminescence

T lymphocytes of the CD8+ class are critical in delivering cytotoxic function and in controlling viral and intracellular infections. These cells are “helped” by T lymphocytes of the CD4+ class, which facilitate their activation, clonal expansion, full differentiation and the persistence of memory. In this study we investigated the impact of CD4+ T cells on the location of CD8+ T cells, using antibody-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion and imaging the antigen-driven redistribution of bioluminescent CD8+ T cells in living mice. We documented that CD4+ T cells influence the biodistribution of CD8+ T cells, favoring their localization to abdominal lymph nodes. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that this was associated with an increase in the expression of specific integrins. The presence of CD4+ T cells at the time of initial CD8+ T cell activation also influences their biodistribution in the memory phase. Based on these results, we propose the model that one of the functions of CD4+ T cell “help” is to program the homing potential of CD8+ T cells

Wirtschaftsbezogene regionale Identität

1 Problemstellung 2 Regionale Identität in der Geographie: Theoretische Grundlagen, Begriffsbestimmungen und inhaltliche Fragen 3 Untersuchungskonzeption. Zentrale Fragestellungen und Hypothesen sowie Anmerkungen zur methodischen Vorgehensweise 4 Die Untersuchungsregionen Baden-Württemberg und Rhône-Alpes 5 Regionale Identität in Baden-Württemberg und Rhône-Alpes.- Ergebnisse der Untersuchun

Digitalisierung im ländlichen Kulturtourismusmarketing. Anforderungen an den erfolgreichen Einsatz von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien.

Die Akteur*innen aus Kultur und Tourismus müssen sich heutzutage auf einem Käufer*innenmarkt behaupten. Dies macht die Entwicklung adäquater Marketingstrategien erforderlich. Hierfür sind insbesondere auch digitale Transformationsprozesse innerhalb der Institutionen und Organisationen erforderlich. Die kulturtouristischen Akteur*innen, die im städtischen Raum angesiedelt sind, stellen sich solchen Transformationsprozessen immer mehr und machen für ihr Tourismusmarketing inzwischen breit gestreut von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) Gebrauch. Im ländlichen Raum hingegen wird hinsichtlich des Einsatzes von IKT noch immer ein großer Nachholbedarf deutlich - obwohl insbesondere die dortigen Akteur*innen in erheblichem Maße von einem Einsatz von IKT profitieren können. Gleichzeitig ist eine Transformation im ländlichen Raum auch deshalb erforderlich, weil dieser zunehmend an Relevanz für den Kulturtourismus gewinnt. Bisher existieren jedoch nur wenige Publikationen zur Digitalisierung im Kontext Kulturtourismus im ländlichen Raum, insbesondere auch mit Blick auf das Kulturtourismusmarketing. Konkret fehlen noch immer empirische Erkenntnisse dazu, welche Anforderungen an den erfolgreichen Einsatz von IKT im ländlichen Kulturtourismusmarketing bestehen. Sarah Schuhbauer gibt in ihrer Arbeit deshalb einen Einblick in den aktuellen Stand der Digitalisierung im ländlichen Kulturtourismusmarketing, bei dem sie sowohl die Kultur- als auch Tourismusseite berücksichtigt. Aus den empirischen Erkenntnissen mehrerer Untersuchungen leitet sie zudem geeignete Rahmenbedingungen und Strategien ab, mithilfe derer den Anforderungen an den erfolgreichen Einsatz von IKT begegnet werden kann. Hierfür hat sie drei qualitative Studien konzipiert und durchgeführt, die den Kern dieser publikationsbasierten Arbeit bilden. Diese drei Studien bindet sie in einen gemeinsamen kontextuellen Rahmen ein, diskutiert deren Ergebnisse und stellt sie einander gegenüber. Anschließend leitet sie daraus Implikationen für die Kulturtourismuspraxis und -forschung ab

The economic viability of small-scale fisheries

Small-scale fisheries (SSF) provide food and jobs for millions of people worldwide and therefore contribute to the wellbeing of many coastal communities. However, there is concern that the benefits they generate may dwindle to nothing because they are currently threatened by overfishing, climate change, industrialization and global market shifts. SSF are politically and economically marginalized as well as understudied. I argue that understanding the economic viability of SSF will help address these challenges. Currently, the definition of economic viability is incoherent and often equated with financial viability, where profitability is the sole goal. However, SSF are complex dynamic systems whose goal is not always only profit but also social wellbeing and the maintenance of livelihoods play essential roles. Therefore, I define economic viability as the achievement of non-negative net benefits to society over time. Here I determine the difference between financial and economic viability as the distortion created by the provision of fisheries subsidies. Therefore, I carried out a first global bottom-up assessment that splits subsidy amounts into those received by small- and large-scale fisheries. My analysis suggests that only 16% of global subsidies reach SSF despite their global importance. This disproportionate division of subsidies impairs the economic viability of already vulnerable SSF. Next I compute what I denote as basic economic viability of SSF using Mexican fisheries as an example. Results suggest that decreasing fishing effort, reducing capacity-enhancing subsidies and improving monitoring and management can lead to increased economic viability of SSF. To understand the underlying dynamics of economic viability, I extended the economic viability approach and included assessments of economic impacts, employment and food security aspects into the study. Taking these attributes into account, results indicate that SSF are more important to society and have a more positive prognosis for economic viability than their large-scale counterparts. These findings are relevant, not only for Mexican SSF but for SSF worldwide. The results help bridge the current knowledge gap in SSF research essential to policy making and management that would not only improve economic viability but also the sustainability of the fish stocks upon which they rely.Science, Faculty ofResources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute forGraduat