An Alliance Between History and Theory

The rediscovery of the early cinema in the 1980s brought about a change in film historiography that the women’s movement had in essence already proposed in the 1970s. At the time, at issue here were not only women directors, forgotten by film historiography, but also the varied and primarily anonymous group of women working in the realms that classical film history did not register: those working in film laboratories, in film coloring, as film editors, on the screenplay and (not least) as actresses, something that is not identical with the function of stars, shaped by men. Using the figure of the actress (and Asta Nielsen in particular) and concentrating on the cinema of the seconde époque, this paper explores women’s liberation from male domination. It argues that the actress places the reality of perceptual play in a public space. Thanks to her, a form of communal life that the women formed in and with the home is freed from the walls of the private

El cine como cultura de la teoría o ¿cómo situar a Nietzsche en la teoría del cine?

El objetivo de este artículo es el de mostrar el posible papel de los escritos de Nietzsche en la teoría del cine. La filosofía de Nietzsche se presenta en el contexto de la biografía de la autora, como una experiencia personal que, junto con el feminismo, influye en su vida y en su pensamiento. En el artículo se exponen la relación entre la obra de Nietzsche y el nacimiento del cine y la utilidad de estas obras para una teoría contemporánea del cine en el contexto de la sociedad actual.The aim of this article is to show a possible role of Nietzsche's writings in the theory of cinema. Nietzsche's Philosophy is presented in the context of the author's biography, as a personal experience that, together with feminism, influences her thought and life. In the article the relation between Nietzsche's works and birth of cinema is exposed, as well as the utility of these works for the contemporary theory of cinema in the context of the present- day society

Dîme, production agricole et événements climatiques : le cas de Piura au nord du Pérou (17-19ème siècles)

L’utilité de la dîme comme mesure de production agraire et par extension comme révélateur d’événements et de changements climatiques en Amérique latine reste débattue. Pour apporter des éléments à ce débat, cet article analyse les pratiques d’affermage de la dime et l’évolution des montants collectés pour la région de Piura au nord du Pérou à l’époque coloniale. Il détaille les procédés qui mènent à la constitution des séries décimales, montre la longue croissance de la production agraire entre le 17ème et le 18ème siècle, l’apogée des revenus de la dîme dans la seconde moitié du 18ème siècle, puis le retournement dès les premières années du 19ème siècle. Il souligne que ces séries décimales décèlent les principales sécheresses qui affectèrent la zone à l’époque coloniale mais relativise la portée de ces chiffres pour une histoire climatique en l’absence de sources pour le 17ème siècle et de données complémentaires, en particulier d’un indice de prix régional.La utilidad del diezmo como medida de producción agraria y por extensión como indicador de eventos y cambios climáticos en América latina sigue en debate. Este artículo se propone analizar las prácticas de arrendamiento del diezmo y su evolución para la región de Piura en el norte del Perú en la época colonial. Detalla los pasos que llevan a la constitución de series decimales, muestra el sostenido crecimiento de la producción agraria de la region entre el siglo XVII y XVIII, el apogeo de los diezmos en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, y el inicio del decaimiento ya en los primeros años del siglo XIX. Subraya que las series de diezmos descubren las principales sequías que afectaron la zona en la época colonial pero cuestiona el alcance de estas cifras para una historia climática general en ausencia de fuentes para el siglo XVII y datos complementarios como un índice de precios regional.The usefulness of tithes as a measure of agrarian production and also as a way to reveal climate events and changes in Latin America is still debated. This article analyzes the practice of farming out tithes and the evolution of their revenue over two and half centuries in Piura, northern Peru. It details the steps that allow the establishment of a tithes series and shows the steady growth of agrarian production in the Piura region between the 17th and 18th centuries, the tithe receipts peak during the second half of the 18th century, and a downturn occurs in the first years of the 19th century. The tithe patterns reveal a series of the major droughts, which affected Piura in colonial times, but the article questions the value of such figures for climate history in general, given the absence of sources for the 17th century as well as complementary data such as a regional price index

Teacher's guide book for primary and secondary school

There is an urgent need for collective action to mitigate the consequences of climate change and adapt to unavoidable changes. The complexity of climate change issues can pose educational challenges. Nonetheless, education has a key role to play in ensuring that younger generations have the required knowledge and skills to understand issues surrounding climate change, to avoid despair, to take action, and to be prepared to live in a changing world. The Office for Climate Education (OCE) was founded in 2018 to promote strong international cooperation between scientific organisations, educational institutions and NGOs. The overall aim of the OCE is to ensure that the younger generations of today and tomorrow are educated about climate change. Teachers have a key role to play in their climate education and it is essential that they receive sufficient support to enable them to implement effective lessons on climate change. The OCE has developed a range of educational resources and professional development modules to support them in teaching about climate change with active pedagogy

Dîme, production agricole et événements climatiques : le cas de Piura au nord du Pérou (17-19ème siècles)

L’utilité de la dîme comme mesure de production agraire et par extension comme révélateur d’événements et de changements climatiques en Amérique latine reste débattue. Pour apporter des éléments à ce débat, cet article analyse les pratiques d’affermage de la dime et l’évolution des montants collectés pour la région de Piura au nord du Pérou à l’époque coloniale. Il détaille les procédés qui mènent à la constitution des séries décimales, montre la longue croissance de la production agraire entre le 17ème et le 18ème siècle, l’apogée des revenus de la dîme dans la seconde moitié du 18ème siècle, puis le retournement dès les premières années du 19ème siècle. Il souligne que ces séries décimales décèlent les principales sécheresses qui affectèrent la zone à l’époque coloniale mais relativise la portée de ces chiffres pour une histoire climatique en l’absence de sources pour le 17ème siècle et de données complémentaires, en particulier d’un indice de prix régional.La utilidad del diezmo como medida de producción agraria y por extensión como indicador de eventos y cambios climáticos en América latina sigue en debate. Este artículo se propone analizar las prácticas de arrendamiento del diezmo y su evolución para la región de Piura en el norte del Perú en la época colonial. Detalla los pasos que llevan a la constitución de series decimales, muestra el sostenido crecimiento de la producción agraria de la region entre el siglo XVII y XVIII, el apogeo de los diezmos en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, y el inicio del decaimiento ya en los primeros años del siglo XIX. Subraya que las series de diezmos descubren las principales sequías que afectaron la zona en la época colonial pero cuestiona el alcance de estas cifras para una historia climática general en ausencia de fuentes para el siglo XVII y datos complementarios como un índice de precios regional.The usefulness of tithes as a measure of agrarian production and also as a way to reveal climate events and changes in Latin America is still debated. This article analyzes the practice of farming out tithes and the evolution of their revenue over two and half centuries in Piura, northern Peru. It details the steps that allow the establishment of a tithes series and shows the steady growth of agrarian production in the Piura region between the 17th and 18th centuries, the tithe receipts peak during the second half of the 18th century, and a downturn occurs in the first years of the 19th century. The tithe patterns reveal a series of the major droughts, which affected Piura in colonial times, but the article questions the value of such figures for climate history in general, given the absence of sources for the 17th century as well as complementary data such as a regional price index

Forum: Feminism in German Studies

From Professor Wallach\u27s contribution entitled Jews and Gender : To consider Jews and gender within German Studies is to explore the evolution of German‐Jewish Studies with respect to feminist and gender studies. At times this involves looking beyond German Studies to other scholarship in Jewish gender studies, an interdisciplinary subfield in its own right. Over the past few decades, the focus on gender within German‐Jewish Studies has experienced several shifts in line with broader trends: an initial focus on the history of Jewish women and feminist movements gradually expanded to encompass the study of gender identity, masculinity, and sexuality. Historical and literary scholarly approaches now operate alongside and in dialogue with interdisciplinary scholarship in cultural studies, film and visual studies, performance studies, and other fields. [excerpt

Arabidopsis CSLD1 and CSLD4 are required for cellulose deposition and normal growth of pollen tubes

The cell wall is important for pollen tube growth, but little is known about the molecular mechanism that controls cell wall deposition in pollen tubes. Here, the functional characterization of the pollen-expressed Arabidopsis cellulose synthase-like D genes CSLD1 and CSLD4 that are required for pollen tube growth is reported. Both CSLD1 and CSLD4 are highly expressed in mature pollen grains and pollen tubes. The CSLD1 and CSLD4 proteins are located in the Golgi apparatus and transported to the plasma membrane of the tip region of growing pollen tubes, where cellulose is actively synthesized. Mutations in CSLD1 and CSLD4 caused a significant reduction in cellulose deposition in the pollen tube wall and a remarkable disorganization of the pollen tube wall layers, which disrupted the genetic transmission of the male gametophyte. In csld1 and csld4 single mutants and in the csld1 csld4 double mutant, all the mutant pollen tubes exhibited similar phenotypes: the pollen tubes grew extremely abnormally both in vitro and in vivo, which indicates that CSLD1 and CSLD4 are not functionally redundant. Taken together, these results suggest that CSLD1 and CSLD4 play important roles in pollen tube growth, probably through participation in cellulose synthesis of the pollen tube wall