Transport properties of a superconducting single-electron transistor coupled to a nanomechanical oscillator

We investigate a superconducting single-electron transistor capacitively coupled to a nanomechanical oscillator and focus on the double Josephson quasiparticle resonance. The existence of two coherent Cooper pair tunneling events is shown to lead to pronounced backaction effects. Measuring the current and the shot noise provides a direct way of gaining information on the state of the oscillator. In addition to an analytical discussion of the linear-response regime, we discuss and compare results of higher-order approximation schemes and a fully numerical solution. We find that cooling of the mechanical resonator is possible, and that there are driven and bistable oscillator states at low couplings. Finally, we also discuss the frequency dependence of the charge noise and the current noise of the superconducting single electron transistor.Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, published in PR

Division of labor and the organization of knowledge in production: A laboratory experiment

Following Garicano (2000), we consider groups whose members decide what knowledge to acquire and how to use this knowledge in production. If efficient production requires common knowledge, all group members should become workers and acquire common knowledge. But if efficient production requires diverse knowledge, one group member should become manager, acquire rare knowledge, and stand ready to help the other workers. In our laboratory experiment, we find that most groups eventually manage to coordinate on an efficient division of labor. Still, we find substantial adoption frictions. Coordination takes time, and some groups coordinate on an inefficient division of labor, probably because they do not understand what organization of knowledge is most efficient

Critical Behaviour of the Drossel-Schwabl Forest Fire Model

We present high statistics Monte Carlo results for the Drossel-Schwabl forest fire model in 2 dimensions. They extend to much larger lattices (up to $65536\times 65536$) than previous simulations and reach much closer to the critical point (up to $\theta \equiv p/f = 256000$). They are incompatible with all previous conjectures for the (extrapolated) critical behaviour, although they in general agree well with previous simulations wherever they can be directly compared. Instead, they suggest that scaling laws observed in previous simulations are spurious, and that the density $\rho$ of trees in the critical state was grossly underestimated. While previous simulations gave $\rho\approx 0.408$, we conjecture that $\rho$ actually is equal to the critical threshold $p_c = 0.592...$ for site percolation in $d=2$. This is however still far from the densities reachable with present day computers, and we estimate that we would need many orders of magnitude higher CPU times and storage capacities to reach the true critical behaviour -- which might or might not be that of ordinary percolation.Comment: 8 pages, including 9 figures, RevTe

Electron rescattering at metal nanotips induced by ultrashort laser pulses

We report on the first investigation of plateau and cut-off structures in photoelectron spectra from nano-scale metal tips interacting with few-cycle near-infrared laser pulses. These hallmarks of electron rescattering, well-known from atom-laser interaction in the strong-field regime, appear at remarkably low laser intensities with nominal Keldysh parameters of the order of $\gtrsim 10$. Quantum and quasi-classical simulations reveal that a large field enhancement near the tip and the increased backscattering probability at a solid-state target play a key role. Plateau electrons are by an order of magnitude more abundant than in comparable atomic spectra, reflecting the high density of target atoms at the surface. The position of the cut-off serves as an in-situ probe for the locally enhanced electric field at the tip apex

Optimization of an Externally Mixed Biogas Plant Using a Robust CFD Method

Biogas plants have to be continuously or periodically mixed to ensure the homogenization of fermenting and fresh substrate. Externally installed mixers provide easier access than submerged mixers but concerns of insufficient mixing deter many operators from using this technology. In this paper, a new approach to improve homogenization of the substrate mixture is proposed by optimizing external mixer configurations across a wide range of rheological properties. Robust optimization of a biogas reactor is coupled with CFD simulations to improve parameters for the angles of inflow and the position of the substrate outlet in a large-scale fermenter. The optimization objective is to minimize the area in the tank which is poorly mixed. We propose to define this “dead volume zone” as the region in which the velocity magnitude during mixing falls below a certain threshold. Different dry substance contents are being investigated to account for the varying rheological properties of different substrate compositions. The velocity thresholds are calculated for each dry substance content from the mixer-tank configuration of a real biogas reactor in Brandenburg, Germany (BGA Warsow GmbH & Co.KG). The robust optimization results comprising the whole range of rheological properties are compared to simulations of the original configuration and to optimization results for each individual dry substance content. The robust CFD-based optimized configurations reduce the dead volume zones significantly across all dry substance contents compared to the original configuration. The outcomes of this paper can be particularly useful for plant manufacturers and operators for optimal mixer placement in industrial size biogas fermenters.BMBF - ROENOBIO project with contract number 05M2013UTA (Germany), DFG - RTG 2126 Algorithmic Optimization (Germany

Topological modes bound to dislocations in mechanical metamaterials

Mechanical metamaterials are artificial structures with unusual properties, such as negative Poisson ratio, bistability or tunable vibrational properties, that originate in the geometry of their unit cell. At the heart of such unusual behaviour is often a soft mode: a motion that does not significantly stretch or compress the links between constituent elements. When activated by motors or external fields, soft modes become the building blocks of robots and smart materials. Here, we demonstrate the existence of topological soft modes that can be positioned at desired locations in a metamaterial while being robust against a wide range of structural deformations or changes in material parameters. These protected modes, localized at dislocations, are the mechanical analogue of topological states bound to defects in electronic systems. We create physical realizations of the topological modes in prototypes of kagome lattices built out of rigid triangular plates. We show mathematically that they originate from the interplay between two Berry phases: the Burgers vector of the dislocation and the topological polarization of the lattice. Our work paves the way towards engineering topologically protected nano-mechanical structures for molecular robotics or information storage and read-out.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures; changes to text and figures and added analysis on mode localization; see http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/~paulose/dislocation-modes/ for accompanying video