Fort Amity: an experiment in domiculture

In 1898, the Salvation Army ventured into a colonization project to take urban working poor people, relocate them to rural areas, and allow them to become productive agriculturalists. The impetus for the project was the book, In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890), by General William Booth, the founder of The Salvation Army. General Booth\u27s daughter, Emma, and son-in-law, Fredrick St. George de Lautour Booth-Tucker, took charge of the Salvation Army in the United States in 1896, and took it upon themselves to carry out General Booth\u27s plan in the United States. The plan was characterized by Frederick Booth-Tucker as an experiment in “domiculture,” or the cultivation of families on family farms. The Booth-Tuckers appointed Col. Thomas Holland as the National Colonization Secretary, and together they chose sites in California, Colorado, and Ohio, for the colonies. This thesis concerns the Colorado colony, Fort Amity. It was founded near Holly, Colorado, near the Arkansas River, and was purported to be the most successful of the three experimental colonies. This thesis challenges the conclusions of previous authors regarding the demise of the colony, and documents the unexplored subject of what it was like to live on the Colorado prairie at Fort Amity

New Methods for ALK Status Diagnosis in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: An Improved ALK Immunohistochemical Assay and a New, Brightfield, Dual ALK IHC–In Situ Hybridization Assay

Introduction:The demonstration of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positivity in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been hindered by the technical complexity and interpretative challenges of fluorescence in situ hybridization methods for detection of ALK gene rearrangement and by the inadequate sensitivity of existing immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods for ALK protein detection. In this study, we sought to increase the sensitivity of ALK IHC detection and to develop a brightfield assay for concurrent detection of ALK protein expression and ALK gene rearrangement.Methods:We developed a horseradish peroxidase–based IHC detection system using the novel, nonendogenous hapten 3-hydroxy-2-quinoxaline (HQ) and tyramide. We also developed a dual gene protein ALK assay combining a brightfield break-apart in situ hybridization ALK assay with another sensitive IHC method using the novel, nonendogenous hapten 5-nitro-3-pyrazole. We examined the sensitivity and accuracy of these methods using surgically resected NSCLC cases examined with ALK fluorescence in situ hybridization.Results:The new HQ-tyramide IHC detection system offered readily interpretable staining with substantially greater sensitivity than conventional ALK IHC, and produced heterogeneous and homogeneous patterns of ALK protein staining among ALK-positive NSCLC surgical cases. The new 5-nitro-3-pyrazole–based IHC detection system was similar in ALK detection sensitivity to the HQ-tyramide IHC system and was compatible with the brightfield in situ hybridization assay.Conclusion:The new HQ-tyramide IHC reagent system allows more sensitive assessment of ALK protein status in NSCLC cases. The new ALK gene-protein assay allows the concurrent visualization of ALK gene and ALK protein status in single cells, allowing more accurate ALK status determination even in heterogeneous specimens

Historia der hey||ligen zwölff Apostel vn=||sers Herrn Jesu Christi/|| von jrem beruff/ lehr/ leben/ wunder=||werck/ marter vnnd Todt ob || standthaffter bekandtnuß des || Namens Christi.|| Ausz ... || glaubwirdigen || Schrifften ... || zusammen getra=||gen/ vnd verteutscht/|| Durch || M. Wendel Schempp.|| ... ||

(Gedruckt zu Nuernberg/|| durch Johann vom Berg/|| vnd Vlrich Newber.||)(Anno Christi 1559 ... ||?)Variante zu VD16 S 2573. Anderer Satz. Erkennungslesart: wunder=||werckVorlageform des Erscheinungsvermerks: (Gedruckt zu Nürnberg/|| durch Johann vom Berg/|| vnd Vlrich Newber.||)(Anno Christi 1559 ... ||?

Are cost-inclusive evaluations worth the effort?

Relative costs are as important as relative effectiveness when choosing between program alternatives or among a set of programs competing for scarce funds. Nevertheless, the number of cost-inclusive evaluations remains comparatively small. This article presents the results of three first-time cost-inclusive evaluations each performed by an experienced evaluator. Each evaluator performed a different type of cost-inclusive evaluation using different tobacco control programs as examples: "standard" cost-effectiveness analysis, threshold or break-even analysis, and a simulation model. Results are presented in terms of the challenges faced, and informational and insight benefits gained, as well as in terms of program cost-effectiveness. All three evaluators agreed that the benefits from performing cost-inclusive evaluations are well worth time and effort involved. They also found that this type of evaluation provides abundant information that can be used to improve program effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.Cost-effectiveness Cost-benefit Efficiency Break-even Simulation model Tobacco control

Risks associated with chlorination

Abstract: "This paper examines the risks of using and not using chlorine chemicals in the water disinfection process. Water disinfection has been termed by some as the most significant public health measure of this century. When the consideration of eliminating chlorine completely surfaces, one must take a step back and try to understand more completely the risks of such a decision. This paper presents the risks associated with chlorination and its by-products. This paper also discusses with [sic] the results of not chlorinating and presents several actual consequences experienced by several countries.