A Meta-Analysis of the Utility of Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Human-AI Decision-Making

Research in artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted decision-making is experiencing tremendous growth with a constantly rising number of studies evaluating the effect of AI with and without techniques from the field of explainable AI (XAI) on human decision-making performance. However, as tasks and experimental setups vary due to different objectives, some studies report improved user decision-making performance through XAI, while others report only negligible effects. Therefore, in this article, we present an initial synthesis of existing research on XAI studies using a statistical meta-analysis to derive implications across existing research. We observe a statistically positive impact of XAI on users\u27 performance. Additionally, the first results indicate that human-AI decision-making tends to yield better task performance on text data. However, we find no effect of explanations on users\u27 performance compared to sole AI predictions. Our initial synthesis gives rise to future research investigating the underlying causes and contributes to further developing algorithms that effectively benefit human decision-makers by providing meaningful explanations

Dynamique hors équilibre des gaz bosoniques 1D

This thesis contains several experimental studies centered around the dynamics of bosons in one dimension (1D). With the use of an atomchip setup we create very elongated trapping geometries for 87Rb. This leads to the freeze-out of two dimensions and the creation of a 1D gas with contact interactions, described the Lieb-Liniger model. The manuscript contains three independent experimental studies: The first one investigates the out-of-equilibrium dynamics after an interaction quench. We observe the time evolution of squeezed Bogoliubov modes and show that this dynamics continues on times which cannot be observed on the first order correlation function.The second study shows that three-body losses cool a 1D Bose gas in the quasi-condensate regime. This work is accompanied by a theoretical study, which predicts this cooling for j-body losses.The third study consists of the first experimental study of a new theory in integrable systems -- the Generalized HydroDynamics (GHD).We show that GHD is the only "simple" theory which correctly describes the experimental results.In particular, the Conventional HydroDynamics (CHD) approach fails to reproduce the experimental observation. In contrast to GHD, CHD does not take into account the integrability of the system.Cette thèse contient plusieurs études expérimentales centrées sur la dynamique des bosons dans une dimension (1D). En utilisant une expérience de type puce atomique, nous créons des géométries de piègage très allongées pour des atomes de 87Rb. Cela conduit à geler deux dimensions et à créer un gaz 1D avec des interactions de contact qui est décrit par le modèle de Lieb-Liniger. Le manuscrit contient trois études expérimentales indépendantes: La première étude traite de la dynamique hors équilibre suite à une trempe des interactions. Nous observons l'évolution temporelle des modes de Bogoliubov comprimés et montrons que cette dynamique continue sur des temps qui ne seraient pas observable sur la fonction de corrélation d'ordre un.La deuxième étude montre que les pertes à trois-corps refroidissent un gaz de Bose 1D dans le régime quasi-condensat. Ce travail est accompagné d'une étude théorique qui prédit ce refroidissement pour les pertes à j-corps.La troisième étude est la première étude expérimentale d'une nouvelle théorie des systèmes intégrables, nommé HydroDynamics Généralisé (HDG).Nous montrons que HDG est la seule théorie "simple" qui décrit correctement les résultats expérimentaux.En particulier, l’approche de l'HydroDynamique Conventiennelle (HDC) ne reproduit pas l’observation expérimentale. Contrairement au HDG, HDC ne prend pas en compte l’intégrabilité du système

A Monte Carlo wavefunction description of losses in a 1D Bose gas and cooling to the ground state by quantum feedback

International audienceThe effect of atom losses on a homogeneous one-dimensional Bose gas lying within the quasi-condensate regime is investigated using a Monte Carlo wavefunction approach. The evolution of the system is calculated, conditioned by the loss sequence, namely the times of individual losses and the position of the removed atoms. We describe the gas within the linearized Bogoliubov approach. For each mode, we find that, for a given quantum trajectory, the state of the system converges towards a coherent state, {\it i.e.} the ground state, displaced in phase space. Provided losses are recorded with a temporal and spatially resolved detector, we show that quantum feedback can be implemented and cooling to the ground state of one or several modes can be realized

3D-printed scaffolds with perfusable channels for low-cost large construct 3D cell culture

This study presents a novel approach for threedimensional (3D) cell culture using a two-component system consisting of a 3D-printed scaffold structure combined with a perfusion channel. A polymeric scaffold structure with an overall size of 9 mm x 9 mm x 1 mm composed of a cubic lattice with a web thickness of 200 μm and pore size of 600 μm was 3D-printed using a hot UV-stereolithography (SLA) system. The perfusion channel with an inner diameter of 800 μm and channel wall pores of 300 μm for cell culture medium supply was 3D-printed with the same system and material. Scaffolds were investigated with respect to the printing accuracy by digital microscopy. Cytotoxicity of the materials was assessed using MTT-assay and Live/Dead staining. Scaffold were subsequently seeded with 3T3- fibroblasts within a fibrin-based hydrogel and then conditioned either statically or under passive perfusion using a hydrostatic pressure driven flow system. The results show that the scaffold structure and perfusion channel can be produced with high accuracy and stability allowing a supply of nutrient and oxygen via perfusion channel to the cells within the scaffold. This approach has potential for nutrient supply within larger constructs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications

Atmospheric Drag, Occultation ‘N’ Ionospheric Scintillation (ADONIS) mission proposal

The Atmospheric Drag, Occultation ‘N’ Ionospheric Scintillation mission (ADONIS) studies the dynamics of the terrestrial thermosphere and ionosphere in dependency of solar events over a full solar cycle in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The objectives are to investigate satellite drag with in-situ measurements and the ionospheric electron density profiles with radio occultation and scintillation measurements. A constellation of two satellites provides the possibility to gain near real-time data (NRT) about ionospheric conditions over the Arctic region where current coverage is insufficient. The mission shall also provide global high-resolution data to improve assimilative ionospheric models. The low-cost constellation can be launched using a single Vega rocket and most of the instruments are already space-proven allowing for rapid development and good reliability. From July 16 to 25, 2013, the Alpbach Summer School 2013 was organised by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), the European Space Agency (ESA), the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) and the association of Austrian space industries Austrospace in Alpbach, Austria. During the workshop, four teams of 15 students each independently developed four different space mission proposals on the topic of “Space Weather: Science, Missions and Systems”, supported by a team of tutors. The present work is based on the mission proposal that resulted from one of these teams’ efforts

Atmospheric Drag, Occultation 'N' Ionospheric Scintillation (ADONIS) mission proposal: Alpbach Summer School 2013 team orange

The Atmospheric Drag, Occultation ‘N’ Ionospheric Scintillation mission (ADONIS) studies the dynamics of the terrestrial thermosphere and ionosphere in dependency of solar events over a full solar cycle in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The objectives are to investigate satellite drag with in-situ measurements and the ionospheric electron density profiles with radio occultation and scintillation measurements. A constellation of two satellites provides the possibility to gain near real-time data (NRT) about ionospheric conditions over the Arctic region where current coverage is insufficient. The mission shall also provide global high-resolution data to improve assimilative ionospheric models. The low-cost constellation can be launched using a single Vega rocket and most of the instruments are already space-proven allowing for rapid development and good reliability. From July 16 to 25, 2013, the Alpbach Summer School 2013 was organised by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), the European Space Agency (ESA), the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) and the association of Austrian space industries Austrospace in Alpbach, Austria. During the workshop, four teams of 15 students each independently developed four different space mission proposals on the topic of “Space Weather: Science, Missions and Systems”, supported by a team of tutors. The present work is based on the mission proposal that resulted from one of these teams’ efforts

Atmospheric Drag, Occultation ‘N’ Ionospheric Scintillation (ADONIS) mission proposal

International audienceThe Atmospheric Drag, Occultation 'N' Ionospheric Scintillation mission (ADONIS) studies the dynamics of the terrestrial thermosphere and ionosphere in dependency of solar events over a full solar cycle in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The objectives are to investigate satellite drag with in-situ measurements and the ionospheric electron density profiles with radio occultation and scintillation measurements. A constellation of two satellites provides the possibility to gain near real-time data (NRT) about ionospheric conditions over the Arctic region where current coverage is insufficient. The mission shall also provide global highresolution data to improve assimilative ionospheric models. The low-cost constellation can be launched using a single Vega rocket and most of the instruments are already space-proven allowing for rapid development and good reliability

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)

Pancreatic surgery outcomes: multicentre prospective snapshot study in 67 countries

Background: Pancreatic surgery remains associated with high morbidity rates. Although postoperative mortality appears to have improved with specialization, the outcomes reported in the literature reflect the activity of highly specialized centres. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes following pancreatic surgery worldwide.Methods: This was an international, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional snapshot study of consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic operations worldwide in a 3-month interval in 2021. The primary outcome was postoperative mortality within 90 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore relationships with Human Development Index (HDI) and other parameters.Results: A total of 4223 patients from 67 countries were analysed. A complication of any severity was detected in 68.7 percent of patients (2901 of 4223). Major complication rates (Clavien-Dindo grade at least IIIa) were 24, 18, and 27 percent, and mortality rates were 10, 5, and 5 per cent in low-to-middle-, high-, and very high-HDI countries respectively. The 90-day postoperative mortality rate was 5.4 per cent (229 of 4223) overall, but was significantly higher in the low-to-middle-HDI group (adjusted OR 2.88, 95 per cent c.i. 1.80 to 4.48). The overall failure-to-rescue rate was 21 percent; however, it was 41 per cent in low-to-middle-compared with 19 per cent in very high-HDI countries.Conclusion: Excess mortality in low-to-middle-HDI countries could be attributable to failure to rescue of patients from severe complications. The authors call for a collaborative response from international and regional associations of pancreatic surgeons to address management related to death from postoperative complications to tackle the global disparities in the outcomes of pancreatic surgery (NCT04652271; ISRCTN95140761)