Simplified Equation Models for Greenhouses Gases Assessment in Road Transport Sector in Burkina Faso

Transport sector is cited among the key emitted sector. In Burkina Faso, road transport occupies more than 60% of the emissions of the entire transport sector. However, there is no model equation for greenhouse gases modelling in transport sector. A methodology combining literature review and survey has been adopted to develop the simplified model equation in transport sector. The vehicle type survey allowed the identification of the type of vehicle and the literature review allowed the identification of the key parameters used for greenhouses gases modelling. The results revealed 10 vehicle types for road transport in Burkina Faso such as: Private cars, Public Transport/Buses, Special Vehicle (Ambulances, Fire bus, Funeral vehicles), other vehicle, Motorcycles, Wheeler, Rail, Van, Lorries and Truck Tractor. The keys parameters for greenhouse gases modelling are Fleet availability, Average annual distance travelled, Fuel Economy and Fuel emission factor. For all vehicle type identified simplified model equation was developed to support Burkina Faso, assessing greenhouse gases emission in the sector of transport. This approach could be replicated in other countries in the sub-Saharan Region

Exploring the potential of the cost-efficient tahmo observation data for hydro-meteorological applications in sub-saharan africa

The Trans-African Hydro-Meteorological Observatory (TAHMO) is a promising initiative aiming to install 20,000 stations in sub-Saharan Africa counteracting the decreasing trend of available measuring stations. To achieve this goal, it is particularly important that the installed weather stations are cost-efficient, appropriate for African conditions, and reliably measure the most important variables for hydro-meteorological applications. Since there exist no performance studies of TAHMO stations while operating in Africa, it is necessary to investigate their performance under different climate conditions. This study provides a first analysis of the performance of 10 selected TAHMO stations across Burkina Faso (BF). More specifically, the analysis consists of missing value statistics, plausibility tests of temperature (minimum, maximum) and precipitation, spatial dependencies (correlograms) by comparison with daily observations from synoptical stations of the BF meteorological service as well as cross-comparison between the TAHMO stations. Based on the results of this study for BF for the period from May 2017 to December 2020, it is concluded that TAHMO potentially offers a reliable and cost-efficient solution for applications in hydro-meteorology. The usage of wind speed measurements cannot be recommended without reservation, at least not without bias correcting of the data. The limited measurement period of TAHMO still prevents its usability in climate (impact) research. It is also stressed that TAHMO cannot replace existing observation networks operated by the local meteorological services, but it can be a complement and has great potential for detailed spatial analyses. Since restricted to BF in this analysis, more evaluation studies of TAHMO are needed considering different environmental and climate conditions across SSA

Inégalités territoriales dans l’accès à l’alternance : le cas des jeunes des QPV

Introduction Identifiés par un critère unique, celui du revenu des habitants, les quartiers prioritaires de la ville (QPV) sont par définition occupés par une population économiquement défavorisée, dont le taux de pauvreté est en 2019 trois fois plus élevé que sur l’ensemble du territoire (43,3 % contre 14,5 %) (ONPV, 2021). Cette population est également plus jeune. En 2016, la part des moins de 25 ans est de 39 %, quand elle est de 30 % en France métropolitaine (Observatoire des territoires..

Étude de l’oestrus et de la fertilité après un traitement de maîtrise des cycles chez les femelles zébus

La recherche a visé à établir les taux de réponse et conception des animaux synchronisés au Crestar® associé à la PMSG. 39 femelles zébus (Bos indicus) Goudali et Azawak constitué de vaches et de génisses ont été utilisées dans l’étude. L’insémination artificielle a été faite de façon systématique 48 heures après l’arrêt du traitement. Le diagnostic de gestation a été déterminé 60 jours après insémination par palpation rectale. Le taux global de l’oestrus induit a été de 94,87%. La parité et la race de femelles n’ont eu aucun effet significatif sur la réponse de l’oestrus. Le délai d’apparition de l’oestrus a été de 30,11 ± 6,24 heures et 32,76 ± 4,75 heures après la fin du traitement respectivement pour les femelles zébus Goudali et Azawak. La durée moyenne de l’oestrus a été de 12,20 ± 1,30 heures (n = 5). Le taux global de fertilité a été de 41,03%. La parité et la race de femelles n’ont eu aucun effet significatif sur la fertilité.Mots clés: Insémination artificielle, Crestar, taux de gestation, synchronisation, Nige

Application de l’échographie en reproduction chez le zebu Goudali

Les travaux traitant de l’utilisation de l’échographie en reproduction animale ont été revus. Cette synthèse s’intéresse au contexte de l’application pratique de l’échographie en reproduction bovine, particulièrement le suivi de la croissance folliculaire jusqu’à l’ovulation après la synchronisation et l’induction des chaleurs, le diagnostic et le suivi de gestation chez les femelles zébus Goudali inséminées par la semencede Holstein. Toutes ces applications ont pu se réaliser grâce à l’échographie d’ultrasons (Pie Medical 6227, Philispweg 1, Maastricht, Pays-Bas). La détermination de la période d’ovulation après la fin d’un traitement de synchronisation de chaleur et de l’ovulation, le diagnostic précoce de gestation représentent des domaines prometteurs de l’utilisation de l’échographie. Cette technologie permettra d’améliorer nos connaissances en reproduction bovine et de rassurer les éleveurs des résultats de la pratique des biotechnologies de la reproduction. Malgré le coût élevé de la méthode échographique, elle prend de l’avance sur les autres méthodes de détermination des paramètres de la reproduction bovine (hormonologie et palpation rectale) car elle donne les résultats immédiats et observables par tous les acteurs présents sur place. L’échographie s’est avérée un outil fiable pour le suivi de la croissance folliculaire, la détermination de l’intervalle entre le début des chaleurset l’ovulation et un outil diagnostique fiable dès le 28ème jour post-insémination.Mots clés: Echographie, croissance folliculaire, diagnostic de gestation, bovins

Biological and phytochemical investigations of extracts from Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir (Fabaceae) root barks

Background: Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir. belonging to Fabacae familly is used as medicinal plant in Burkina Faso’s folk medicine. Roots of P. erinaceus are used to treat ulcer, stomach ache and inflammatory diseases. The objective of the present study was to carry out phytochemical composition of methanol (MeOH) and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts from Pterocarpus erinaceus roots, to isolate pure compounds, and to evaluate their pharmacological activities.Methods: Chromatographic fractionation led to the isolation of active components of the extracts. The structures were established by NMR analysis and comparison with data from literature. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using croton oil-induced edema of mice ear as well as the effect of extracts against lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation was evaluated. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the extracts.Results: Friedelin (1), 3α-hydroxyfriedelan-2-one (2), α-sophoradiol (3) and stigmasterol (4) were isolated from DCM extract and maltol-6-O-apiofuranoside-glucopyranoside (5) isolated from MeOH. DCM extract and friedelin, 3α-hydroxyfriedelan-2-one, α- sophoradiol showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect against ear edema. Friedelin (1), α-sophoradiol (3) and maltol-6-O-apiofuranoside-glucopyranoside (5) exhibited lipoxygenase inhibition. MeOH extract (100 μg/mL) inhibited lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation activities at 45.1 ± 3% and 30.7 ± 0.5% respectively. MeOH extract, ethyl acetate fraction and butanol fraction exhibited antioxidant property with both two methods used.Conclusion: The results suggested that the extracts and compounds from roots of Pterocarpus erinaceus possessed local antiinflammatory effect, antioxidant properties and inhibitor effect against lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation activities.Keywords: Pterocarpus erinaceus, triterpenes, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, lipoxygenas

Reverse Transcriptase-Coupled Quantitative Real Time PCR Analysis of Cell-Free Transcription on the Chromatin-Assembled p21 Promoter

Background: Cell-free eukaryotic transcription assays have contributed tremendously to the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern transcription at eukaryotic promoters. Currently, the conventional G-less cassette transcription assay is one of the simplest and fastest methods for measuring transcription in vitro. This method requires several components, including the radioisotope labelling of RNA product during the transcription reaction followed by visualization of transcripts using autoradiography. Methodology/Principal Findings: To further simplify and expedite the conventional G-less cassette transcription assay, we have developed a method to incorporate a reverse transcriptase-coupled quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR). By using DNA template depletion steps that include DNA template immobilization, Trizol extraction and DNase I treatment, we have successfully enriched p21 promoter-driven transcripts over DNA templates. The quantification results of RNA transcripts using the RT-qPCR assay were comparable to the results of the conventional G-less cassette transcription assay both in naked DNA and chromatin-assembled templates. Conclusions: We first report a proof-of-concept demonstration that incorporating RT-qPCR in cell-free transcription assays can be a simpler and faster alternative method to the conventional radioisotope-mediated transcription assays. This method will be useful for developing high throughput in vitro transcription assays and provide quantitative data for RNA transcript

Confirmation de QTL et validation de marqueurs SNPs associés à la résistance du niébé à Colletotrichum capsici, agent responsable de la maladie des taches brunes

Le niébé (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) est une légumineuse à graine très importante et constitue la principale source de protéines végétales pour l’alimentation des populations d’Afrique Subsaharienne. Sa production au Burkina Faso est entravée par la maladie des taches brunes provoquée par un champignon, Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler et Bisby. C’est dans la perspective d’accroître la productivité du niébé que nous avons entrepris de renforcer la lutte variétale contre cet agent pathogène. L’identification de marqueurs SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) et QTL liés à la résistance à la maladie des taches brunes a été entrepris à partir d’une population biparentale F2 issus du croisement entre la variété sensible Tiligré et celle résistante KN-1. L’analyse QTL de la résistance du niébé à C. capsici à partir de la méthode ICIM add. a permis de confirmer et de valider respectivement un QTL majeur dénommé qBBDR2.1 et 9 marqueurs SNPs convertis, lesquels ont été cartographiés sur le chromosome Vu02 du niébé. Ce QTL dominant a présenté des effets additifs élevés liés aux allèles favorables de KN-1 et des valeurs de PVE de l’ordre de 51,50% et 55,33%, respectivement aux 21ème et 28ème JAI. English title: Confirmation of QTL mapping and validation of SNPs markers associated to cowpea resistance to Colletotrichum capsici, causal agent of brown blotch disease Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp.) is one of the most important grain legume crops and constitutes the main source of plant protein for people food in sub-Saharan Africa. Cowpea production in Burkina Faso is constrained by brown blotch disease caused by a fungal,  Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler and Bisby. In order to increase cowpea productivity we initiated a project to enhance host plant resistance to control the pathogen. The identification of SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers and QTL associated with brown blotch disease resistance was undertaken from a bi-parental F2 population resulting from a cross between the sensitive variety Tiligre and the resistant KN-1 to the disease. QTL analysis of cowpea resistance to C. capsici using the ICIM add method. Allowed to confirm and validate respectively a major QTL named qBBDR2.1 and 9 converted SNP markers, which were mapped on cowpea chromosome Vu02. This dominant QTL showed higher additive effects associated to alleles from KN-1 and PVE values of 51.50% and 55.33% respectively at 21 and 28 days after inoculatio

Molecular diagnosis of Shigella, Salmonella and Campylobacter by multiplex Real-time PCR in stool culture samples in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

ABSTRACT:Background: Bacteriological diagnosis of Campylobacter spp, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp could be necessary in the case of infectious gastroenteritis syndrome.The objective of this study was to diagnose concomitantly the three enteropathogenic bacteria by multiplex Real-Time PCR in stool culture samples in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from February 5th to March 9th, 2013. Two hundred stool samples were received during the study period. The bacteria were identified by bacterial culture following by multiplex Real-Time PCR.Results: Shigella spp and Campylobacter spp were sought by culture in all 200 samples. Enteropathogenic E. coli was sought only in 37 samples from all children under 2 years old. The bacterial culture was positive in 12 stool samples. Shigella spp and Salmonella spp. were isolated respectively in 5 (2.5%) and 3 samples (1.5%). Enteropathogenic E. coli was isolated in 10.8% (4/37) of the samples tested.The multiplex real-time PCR identified bacteria in 20 patients, including 17 cases of Shigella spp., 1 case of Salmonella spp. and 2 cases of Campylobacter spp.Conclusions: This study has highlighted the low frequency of 3 sought bacterial genera in stool samples. It has also demonstrated a significant difference between the culture and the multiplex Real-Time PCR method in the diagnosis of Shigella