First microbiota assessments of children's paddling pool waters evaluated using 16S rRNA gene-based metagenome analysis

SummaryInsufficient chloric sterilization of children's paddling pool waters increases the risk of diarrheal illness. Therefore, we investigated the microbiota changes after children use pools. First, we applied 16S rRNA gene-based metagenome analysis to understand the dynamics of microbiota in pool water, especially with respect to the bio-contamination by potential pathogens. Proteobacteria were major taxa detected in every pool water sample after children spent time in the pool. In more detail, Gammaproteobacteria comprised the dominant class, which was followed by Betaproteobacteria. Five phyla, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Deinococcus-Thermus phyla were minor groups. The pool water microbiota are likely to be a consortium of intestinal and skin microbiota from humans. Interestingly, the ratio of Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria differed according to the age of the children who used the pool, which means the pool water was additionally contaminated by soil microbiota as a result of the children's behavior. Furthermore, potential pathogens, such as Campylobacter spp., Comamonas testosteroni and Burkholderia pseudomallei, were also found. Considering the standard plate counts, the abundances of these human pathogens are unlikely to be a sufficiently infectious dose. We suggest the importance of sanitary measures in paddling pool waters to reduce bio-contamination from both humans and the environment

Vibriosis in cultured marine fishes: a review

For more than a century, vibriosis affects various species of economically important cultured marine fishes around the globe. The knowledge of this bacterial disease on many species of cultured fish is still lacking, but progressing. This review focuses on updated fundamental knowledge related to vibriosis including the history, taxonomy, and various epidemiological aspects such as socio-economy, clinical signs, pathological changes, diagnosis, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors and control measures of vibriosis. This review revealed a rising prevalence of vibriosis in aquaculture, concomitant with the rapid development of this industry worldwide. Yet, information on Vibrio infection in cultured fish, particularly on the Vibrio of non-medical importance, the influence of their virulence toxins to host cells, effects of global warming and the socio-economic impacts are still scarce, and need more profound studies. Moreover, comprehensive epidemiological information on vibriosis are quite limited in many Asian countries with tropical climate, limiting the progression in control and prevention aspects of the disease

Vibriosis in cultured marine fishes: a review

For more than a century, vibriosis affects various species of economically important cultured marine fishes around the globe. The knowledge of this bacterial disease on many species of cultured fish is still lacking, but progressing. This review focuses on updated fundamental knowledge related to vibriosis including the history, taxonomy, and various epidemiological aspects such as socio-economy, clinical signs, pathological changes, diagnosis, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors and control measures of vibriosis. This review revealed a rising prevalence of vibriosis in aquaculture, concomitant with the rapid development of this industry worldwide. Yet, information on Vibrio infection in cultured fish, particularly on the Vibrio of non-medical importance, the influence of their virulence toxins to host cells, effects of global warming and the socio-economic impacts are still scarce, and need more profound studies. Moreover, comprehensive epidemiological information on vibriosis are quite limited in many Asian countries with tropical climate, limiting the progression in control and prevention aspects of the disease

Recent update on the prevalence of Vibrio species among cultured grouper in Peninsular Malaysia

Vibrio infections are common among marine fish and lead to serious problems in the aquaculture sector. This study reports a recent occurrence of Vibrio species (spp.) isolated from cultured groupers in Peninsular Malaysia using the gyrB and pyrH genes. A total of 147 Vibrio strains were successfully isolated from 77 (64%) groupers using culture method and subjected to gyrB and pyrH sequencing for species identification and confirmation. Results showed that 89% of Vibrio strains were identified and clustered to six groups of Vibrio spp., while 11% were not clustered to any Vibrio spp. using the gyrB sequences. Meanwhile, by analysis of the pyrH sequences all the 147 Vibrio strains (100%) were successfully identified and clustered into 11 groups of Vibrio spp., including the gyrB non‐identified strains. The pyrH gene provides a better resolution for identification of Vibrio spp. compared with the gyrB gene. Thus, the pyrH gene was more suitable for a rapid determination of Vibrio spp. distribution in Peninsular Malaysia. Using the pyrH gene, our study found higher prevalence of Vibrio vulnificus (33%), V. alginolyticus (24%) and V. parahaemolyticus (22%), followed by V. rotiferianus (5%), V. harveyi (3%), V. tubiashii (2%), V. campbellii (2%), V. ponticus (1%), V. diabolicus (1%), V. owensii (1%) and others Vibrio sp. (7%). Thus, the results of this study revealed that the occurrence of pathogenic vibrios among grouper fish is still high in Malaysian aquaculture. In addition, the pyrH gene was proved as a suitable marker for rapid identification of Vibrio species compared with the gyrB gene

Microbial taxonomy in the post-genomic era: Rebuilding from scratch?

Microbial taxonomy should provide adequate descriptions of bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic microbial diversity in ecological, clinical, and industrial environments. Its cornerstone, the prokaryote species has been re-evaluated twice. It is time to revisit polyphasic taxonomy, its principles, and its practice, including its underlying pragmatic species concept. Ultimately, we will be able to realize an old dream of our predecessor taxonomists and build a genomic-based microbial taxonomy, using standardized and automated curation of high-quality complete genome sequences as the new gold standard.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (NSF Grant DEB-1046413)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (NSF Grant CNS-1305112)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (NSF Grant DEB 0918333)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (NSF grant OCE 1441943)Gordon and Betty Moore FoundationUnited States. Dept. of Energy. Office of ScienceUnited States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Biological and Environmental ResearchOak Ridge National LaboratoryCarlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de JaneiroBrazil. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (grant)Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (Brazil

Thermotomaculum hydrothermale gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel heterotrophic thermophile within the phylum Acidobacteria from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney in the Southern Okinawa Trough

http://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/darwin/cruise/natsushima/nt08-13/

The genome sequence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus C5A causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimps isolated from a Malaysia shrimp culture pond

We report the complete genome sequence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain C5A causing an acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in Penaeus vannamei sampled from a culture pond in the east of peninsular Malaysia isolated in 2017

The mutual partnership between Vibrio halioticoli and abalones

Chapter 1

Growth suppression of the marine phytoplankton Alexandrium catenella and Tetraselmis sp. caused by ultrafiltrated seawater collected from coastal area on the mouth of Funka Bay

Filtrable pathogens infecting the phytoplankton Alexandrium catenella and Tetraselmis sp. were screened from coastal seawater on the mouth of Funka Bay, Hokkaido, Japan from 1993 to 1994. Growth suppression against these phytoplankton species was observed in the seawater samples collected during September and October 1993. The growth of A. catenella was suppressed from 40 to 45%, and that of Tetraselmis sp. was suppressed from 20 to 30%. Re-inoculation of the culture filtrate of growth-suppressed phytoplankton after passing the culture through a 0.22-μm filter also caused growth suppression of the fresh culture. However, these effects disappeared after several treatments including heating at 50℃ for 30min, exposure to acidic conditions below pH 5.0, passing through a 0.05-μm filter, and Proteinase K and RNase treatment. Cell free extracts of the growth-suppressed phytoplankton caused the same extent of growth suppression. Electron microscopic observation of A. catenella cells that were lead to the growth suppression revealed that the cells were severely damaged, whereas no virus-like particles or bacterial cells were observed. Growth suppression was observed in a fresh culture of A. catenella and an axenic culture of Gymnodinium mikimotoi by the growth suppressed Tetraselmis sp. culture filtrate, and the A. catenella culture filtrate affected the growth of Tetraselmis sp. and an axenic culture of G. mikimotoi. However, the growth suppression or inhibition was not observed in fresh cultures of Prorocentrum micans, P. minimum, A. tamarense, G. mikimotoi, Chattonella antiqua, C. marina, and Heterosigma akashiwo. These results suggested that unique filterable pathogens might be found in the seawater samples