地域包括ケアシステムにおける訪問看護ステーションの経営状況と事業所特性及び地域特性，経営管理との関連―全国と群馬県の比較―

目的：全国及び群馬県の訪問看護ステーション（以下，ST）の経営状況と事業所特性及び地域特性，経営管理との関連を明らかにし，比較検討する． 方法：全国2,000人及び群馬県163人のST管理者を対象とし，自記式質問紙調査を実施した．有効回答は全国473人，群馬県55人で，経営状況と各項目との関連はχ2検定及びKruskal-Wallis検定を，さらに経営状況を目的変数とするロジスティック回帰分析を行った． 結果：全国では，看護師常勤・看護師非常勤・事務職員非常勤の従業者数，1人1日平均訪問回数，北海道・東北地域，収支のモニタリングが黒字に関連していた．群馬県では関連がみられず，全国に比して赤字のST割合が多く，経営管理の得点が低かった． 結論：経営状況の改善には，ST規模の拡大やST管理者の収支のモニタリングに焦点を当てた行動の有効性が示唆された．群馬県では，経営管理に関する分析の強化が必要である．Objectives: The financial status of home-visit nursing stations (STs) was analyzed in relation to business office characteristics, local community characteristics and business management, and the results between Gunma Prefecture and all prefectures in Japan were compared. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire survey was completed by 163 ST managers in Gunma Prefecture and 2000 ST managers from all over Japan. Valid responses were collected from 55 managers from Gunma Prefecture and 473 managers from all over Japan. The association between management status with each variable was analyzed by the chisquare test and Kruskal-Wallis test. In addition, logistic regression analysis was carried out with the status of management as the dependent variable. Results: For STs all prefectures in Japan, profitable business (black-ink balance) was associated with the number of employees (full-time nurses, part-time nurses and part-time clerical staff), the mean number of care receiver homes visited daily by each nurse, the district (Hokkaido/Tohoku) and revenue/expenditure balance monitoring. In Gunma Prefecture, the percentage of red-ink operation STs was higher and the score for business management was lower than in all prefectures in Japan. Conclusions: These results suggest that management actions focusing on expansion of the scale of STs and on revenue/ expenditure balance monitoring by ST managers are effective in improving the status of management. In Gunma Prefecture, reinforcement of how to analyze business management is needed.原

Hydrogen Photoassisted Generation by Visible Light and an Earth Abundant Photocatalyst: Pyrite (FeS₂)

N-Type pyrite (FeS₂) thin films, deposited on titanium substrates, have been synthesized and photoelectrochemically characterized. Its flat band potential has been estimated to be −0.75 ± 0.05V vs Ag/AgCl by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The corresponding energy level diagram of the FeS₂/electrolyte interface has been established. Profuse hydrogen flows have been produced under visible light illumination of FeS₂ photoanode in a photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) at different bias potentials. Their values, measured by mass spectrometry (MS), were higher than 5 μmol H₂/min·cm². Hydrogen photogeneration efficiencies of ∼8% have been reached

Pyrite thin films on amorphous substrates: Interaction with the substrate and doping effects

Recent published literature dealing with FeS pyrite (thin films and single crystals) faces a few and relevant issues: the low photovoltage presented by pyrite (mainly related to the singular nature of its surface), the not yet clearly defined way of making available n and p type reliable samples and the relevance of their stoichiometry. To address the second and third issues, Fe thin films, Ti/Fe and Co/Fe bilayers deposited on sodalime glass and amorphous quartz substrates have been sulfurated at different temperatures (T) (T ≲ 600C) during 20 h to obtain pyrite thin films. Seebeck coefficient and Hall Effect measurements have been carried out at room temperature with the sulfurated samples. It has been found that sulfurated Ti/Fe on sodalime glass presents a change of the Seebeck coefficient sign (from negative to positive) due to a strong interaction of the Ti layer with the substrate, which is not present in the Ti/Fe samples deposited on amorphous quartz. As a consequence of the interaction, a new TiO layer is formed between the sodalime glass substrate and the pyrite layer. Sulfurated Co/Fe bilayers on sodalime glass show a coherent behavior according to the obtained results and previously published works. They all appear to be n-type semiconductors when T ≳ 175C. Non-intentionally doped Fe thin films on sodalime glass behave in a non-conclusive fashion from the point of view of their electrical transport characterization. The Seebeck coefficient (S) of the sulfurated films appear to be S > 0 for all values of T. However, the value and sign of the Hall constant behave in a non-reproducible way. Results are discussed on the light of present knowledge of synthetic pyrite thin films growth and doping.The authors thank technical support from Mr. F. Moreno. Financial support by MINECO-FEDER (MAT2015-65203R) is acknowledged and the project INFANTE (PIE 201550E072) is also recognized. Carlos Morales thanks the Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte of Spain for the FPU grant

An XPS investigation on the influence of the substrate and growth conditions on pyrite thin films surface composition

Pyrite thin films have been prepared by sulfuration of Fe thin films deposited on sodalime glass substrates. Sulfuration temperatures have ranged from 200 °C to 500 °C and sulfuration time has been 20 h in all cases. It has been found that, during the sulfuration process, Na from the substrate diffuses through the formed pyrite thin film and reaches its surface where it reacts with some components of the sulfuration atmosphere to form sodium sulfate (NaSO). The Na concentration at the film surface has been measured as a function of the film sulfuration temperature. Obtained experimental data show that Na surface concentration increases up to a sulfuration temperature of 350 °C but, on passing from this temperature to 400 °C, a drastic reduction is produced. For higher sulfuration temperatures (T > 400 ° C) the Na surface concentration slightly increases. Besides, a chemical variation of the pyrite surface composition related to an excess of sulfur is measured as a function of the sulfuration temperature showing a quite parallel behavior to that shown by the Na surface concentration. This excess of sulfur appears regardless the type of substrate (sodalima glass, alumina or amorphous quartz) used. The obtained results have been correlated with the variations of other parameters (grain and crystallite size, thickness, etc.) of the sulfurated films. After these investigations, it has been concluded that the Na concentration evolution at the film surface closely reflects the pyrite thin film grain crystallization (and size) which takes place during the sulfuration process. As a consequence, it is proposed that a change of the Na diffusion mechanism through the film (from diffusion through the grain boundaries to diffusion through the grain bulk) takes place at the indicated critical sulfuration temperatures. The reported excess of sulfur might be also related to this crystallization, although no further evidence has been obtained from our results. The consequences of this conclusion are discussed on the light of present pyrite thin film knowledge, mainly those aspects concerning to possible doping effects of Na and electrical transport processes in pyrite thin films.The authors thank technical support from Mr. F. Moreno. Financial support by MINECO-FEDER (MAT2015-65203R) is acknowledged and the project INFANTE (PIE 201550E072) is also recognized. Carlos Morales thanks the Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte of Spain for the FPU grant