Political Communication and Post-Election Public Opinion Formation in Pakistan: Effect of PTI Government’s Policies on Youth Voters

The objective of this study was to observe the effect of Pakistan Tahreek-i- Insaaf (PTI) government‟s policies on its voters almost two years after General Elections 2018. Data was collected from PTI‟s youth voters of Lahore through survey (n=422) using the instrument of questionnaire comprised of 12 item. While for the qualitative part of the study Z test was applied. The study results predicted that the vote bank of PTI gradually decreased from timeline 2018 to2020 as the the proportion of PTI voters has declined from 0.83 per cent to 0.67 per cent respectively. However, regarding overall policies of the PTI government, party voters gauged PTI policies as „normal‟ and they wanted to give time to the regime expecting better output. The government‟s monetary and exchange rate policy has been seen as the worst part of the party performance so far by the voters while tax reforms, accountability and foreign policy on Iran and Kashmir have been termed as „excellent‟

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ENTREPRENURIAL MARKETING

Marketing is considered to be one of the most critical tasks for minor plus medium-sized enterprises in terms of growth as well as development, but it is also considered to be the biggest challenge for SMEs. Shortage of possessions, expertise and expertise, it is hard for SMEs to carry out traditional marketing activities. As a result, working in an atmosphere of aggregate dynamics, turbulence and competitiveness means that entrepreneurs with innovative creative concepts and attitudes, such as Entrepreneurial Marketing, have to overcome and modify conventional marketing principles (EM). When conventional marketing does not support small and medium enterprises (SME) then here is A new area of exploration that initiated by combination of marketing and entrepreneurship is Entrepreneurial marketing. The main purpose of this essay is the notion that can be found in literature like types, dimensions of Entrepreneurial marketing and major differences b/w Entrepreneurial marketing and conventional marketing. It also give a brief view about the history of basis of different new fields and in the last it focuses on the significance of small and medium enterprise with reference to the modern standard. The main objective of this study is to provide guideline to small and medium enterprises and give suggestion to them about future research direction in the same field

Impact of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography on Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background: For Common Bile Duct (CBD) stones an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is done prior to cholecystectomy. However, the ideal timing of cholecystectomy following ERCP is still a matter of debate. The aim of the present study was to observe the possible impact of ERCP on subsequent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Material and Methods: This case control study was carried out in the Department of Surgery Unit 1, Holy Family hospital, Rawalpindi, from January 2018 to March 2019. A total number of 300 patients of symptomatic gallstones presenting to outpatient department were enrolled. Two groups, A (control group) and B (case group) were made on the basis of absence or presence of CBD stones, respectively. Group A underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy within three working days of admission. In group B, ERCP was performed prior to cholecystectomy. Primary operating surgeon filled structured questionnaires for each patient immediately after surgery to compare operative differences between both groups. The baseline demographic details, clinical characteristics, laboratory investigations and peri-operative findings of both groups were recorded. Means and percentages were calculated with P value <0.05 regarded as statistically significant.Results: Majority of patients in this study were females (81%) of middle age group (42.5+15 years). Biliary colic was most common presenting complaint in both groups (33%). Dissection in triangle of Calot (P=0.00) and removal of gallbladder from liver bed (P=0.00) was significantly more difficult in group B than A. Intra-abdominal lavage was also done more often in post ERCP group (P=0.00). However procedural time did not vary between the two groups (P=0.19).Conclusions: Preoperative ERCP increases difficulty in laparoscopic cholecystectomy but does not prolong procedural time.Key words: Choledocholithiasis, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, Laparoscopic cholecystectom