Improvement of device characteristics by multiple step implants or introducing a C gettering layer

Ion implantation is used for realization of the collector in vertical bipolar transistors in a BiCMOS process. Secondary defects, remaining after annealing the implant damage, can give rise to an increased leakage current and to collector-emitter shorts. Two methods are proposed to avoid dislocation formation. First, by using multiple step implants, and second, by application of a carbon gettering layer. Experimental results show that these schemes can lower leakage currents, and moreover dramatically increase device yield. However, the carbon profile needs a further optimization with respect to the quality of the collector-substrate junction

Time evolution of dislocation formation in ion implanted silicon

Annealing of crystal damage from ion implantation may result in dislocation formation. Here we study the nucleation, growth, and annihilation of such dislocations during rapid thermal anneals of Si, Ge, As, and In implanted Si. The dislocation formation process is observed for single or multiple damage profiles, as well as in amorphous-crystal transition regions. Dislocations initially nucleate in all these cases, even if they eventually annihilate during further annealing. It is also shown that for C implants in Si not only do dislocations not remain after annealing, but they do not even nucleate

Changes in precipitation and river flow in northeast Turkey: associations with the North Atlantic Oscillation

This paper explores the relationships between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and precipitation and river flow over northeast Turkey. Precipitation totals and maximum, mean and minimum river flow are analysed at the seasonal scale for 12 and 10 stations, respectively. Pearson’s and Mann-Kendall correlation tests are applied to assess relationships between the NAO index and precipitation and river flow metrics, and to detect trends in time-series. Autumn precipitation totals display significant increasing trends, especially for coastal stations, while inland stations show significant increasing trends for spring precipitation. Minimum and maximum river flow decreases significantly for spring and summer. This tendency implies varying conditions towards a drier regime. Seasonal precipitation patterns show a negative association with the NAO for December–January–February (DJF), March–April–May (MAM) and September–October–November (SON) for some stations. Positive associations between the NAO and winter-extended winter (December–March) river flows are detected for some stations in northeast Turkey

La résolution de conflits familiaux chez les Canadiennes musulmanes à Montréal : un système de justice parallèle?

Cet article présente, à partir de données tirées d’entrevues menées lors d’une recherche qualitative entreprise à Montréal (2005-2007), les différents modes alternatifs de résolution de conflit, leurs acteurs et processus, sollicités par les Canadiennes musulmanes vivant des conflits familiaux. L’analyse des discours de ces acteurs et des Canadiennes musulmanes nous a amené à conclure qu’il n’y a pas, à Montréal, de système juridique musulman, informel et organisé qui existerait en parallèle au système judiciaire étatique. Nous avons plutôt découvert l’existence de différents processus au coeur desquels on retrouve le conseiller religieux. Dans ces processus, ce sont davantage son rôle de conseil, la négociation et le consentement du couple ainsi que leur bonne volonté qui sont mis en exergue, qu’un quelconque pouvoir de trancher un litige du conseiller.This article is based on qualitative research conducted in Montreal between 2005 and 2007 on alternative modes of conflict resolution that are sought by Canadian Muslim women who experience family disputes. Analysis of the narratives of the social actors in processes of conflict resolutions and of Canadian Muslim women leads us to conclude that there is no such thing as an unofficial and organized Muslim legal system in Montreal that exists parallel to the State justice system. Instead, as we note, there are a variety of processes centered around individual religious counselors. These processes depend more on the advice of the counselor, as well as on the negotiation and the consent of the couple, backed by their good will, rather than on any adjudicative role of the counsellor

PERAN BADAN KOORDINASI PENANAMAN MODAL DAERAH (BKPMD) DALAM MENINGKATKAN IKLIM INVESTASI DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Pembentukan daya tarik investasi, berlangsung secara terus menerus dari waktu ke waktu dan dipengaruhi oleh banyak aspek. Faktor ekonomi, politik, dan kelembagaan, social dan budaya, diyakini merupakan beberapa faktor dalam pembentuan daya tarik investasi suatu Negara atau daerah. Untuk mendukung terciptanya iklim investasi yang kondusif, disetiap daerah baik Propinsi, Kabupaten / Kota dibentuk BKPMD (Badan Penanaman Modal Daerah), badan ini disamping berperan dalam mengupayakan iklim investasi yang kondusif juga berperan dalam menggaet investor asing supaya menanamkan dananya di daerah tersebut. \ud Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana peran BKPMD dalam meningkatkan iklim investasi di Nusa Tenggara Timur, Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yaitu dengan \ud cara analisis yang menggambarkan keadaan obyek berdasarkan data yang dikumpulkan dari lapangan penelitian dan tidak menggunakan data statistik. Dengan kata lain penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif bertujuan untuk menggambarkam secara tepat tentang karakteristik dari obyek yang diteliti atau menggambarkan suatu fenomena. \ud Untuk meningkatkan iklim investasi di Nusa Tenggara Timur maka BKPMD NTT melakukan Asesment atau pemetaan potensi dari masing-masing sektor mulai dari Pertanian, Perkebunan \ud dan sebagainya, tujuannya adalah untuk mempermudah para calon Investor yang akan masuk serta memperjelas informasi mengenai potensi di berbagai sektor yang dapat dikelola dan \ud mengetahui bahwa di Nusa Tenggara Timur terdapat sumber daya alam yang banyak dan berpotensi untuk dikelola secara maksimal oleh para investor. \ud Selain itu BKPMD NTT juga melakukan promosi tentang potensi-potensi yang dimiliki oleh Dearah NTT, dengan cara melakukan pameran, temu kemitraan, serta mengadakan web site BKPMD NTT, yang tujuannya adalah untuk memudahkan para investor dalam melihat lebih jauh tentang potensi-potensi yang dapat dikembangkan di Nusa Tenggara Timur. BKPMD juga \ud melaksanakan pelayanan satu pintu / satu atap, dimana pelayanan ini mencakup pelayanan secara keseluruhan baik tentang pemberian izin dan sebagainya, dimana menuntut Pemerintah Daerah dalam menyelenggarakan pelayanan izin yang berkualitas dan transparansi, adapun tujuan dari \ud pembentukan pelayanan satu atap yakni untuk memenuhi standarisasri pelayanan, yakni pelayanan yang cepat, mudah dan tidak berbelit-belit. \ud Salah satu sektor potensi yang dapat dikelola oleh para investor yakni dibidang pertanian yang memiliki luas lahan tanam di propinsi NTT seluas 736. 629 ha yang ditanami beberapa komoditi andalan di NTT yaitu padi ladang, padi sawah, jagung, kedele, ubi kayu, ubi jalar, kacang tanah, \ud kacang hijau, dan sorghum dengan total produksi untuk semua komoditi 2.083.018 ton/thn untuk tahun 2003.untuk luas lahan tanam masing-masing komoditi dan hasil produksi adalah sebagai berikut : padi sawah 183.703 ha, produksi 509.419 ton, padi ladang 122.379 ha, produksi 389.344 ton, Jagung 206.970 ha, produksi 583.355 ton, Kedele 13.812 ha, produksi 1.032 ton, Ubi kayu 82.035 ha, produksi 861.820 ton, Ubi jalar ha, 11.612 ha, produksi 86.892 ton, Kacang tanah 13.681 ha, produksi 13.632 ton, Kacang hijau 28.349 ha, produksi 20.135 ton, Sorghum 5.027 ha, produksi 3.728 ton

Satisfaction in 10 countries: summary of findings

In line with earlier comparative research we found large differences in satisfaction across countries. Average satisfaction is highest in North-Western Europe and lowest in the East-European nations. The South-European nations score in between. This pattern is observed in average satisfaction with life-as-a-whole as well as in satisfaction with three life-domains (finances, housing, social contacts) with minimal exceptions. Within countries, individual satisfaction is hardly related to social position as measured by age, gender, education and income. This result is also in line with earlier results. On the other hand we observed high correlations between life-satisfaction and domain-satisfaction which differ in order in some countries from what was expected in Chapter 1. In Part II the results of the research in the different countries have been presented. In several countries comparisons are made between the new data and existing data. These comparisons have shown that minor differences in the wording of the questions lead to quite different responses. This result is not new but found in many studies (Sudman and Bradburn, 1974; Schuman and Presser, 1981; Converse and Presser, 1986; Billiet et al., 1986). This is an illustration of the necessity to correct for measurement error in order to be able to compar

Estereotipos en cuestión: imágenes de irracionalidad en la obra de John Waters, columnista del Irish Times1

In this essay, I discuss the role of stereotypes in the work of John Waters, a columnist for the Irish Times. Waters wears several professional hats –opinion columnist, cultural critic, radio commentator and author of three volumes that fall somewhere between popular sociology and cultural studies–. While Waters is an intelligent and informed writer, in these works he invokes certain “Irish” traits, such as drunkenness, irrationality, and a propensity to violence in a very uncritical fashion, ironically, in pursuit of a self-proclaimed objective of getting Ireland to “decolonise” its thinking. I unpack Waters’ use of these “stereotypes” in two related directions. First, I analyse what Waters is saying about the historical development, and the modern condition, of Irish society and how we might go about understanding his project in this regard. Second, I critically examine the easy dismissal of such presumed culturalnational depictions that Waters is attempting, that is found in a wide swathe of academic disciplines. I conclude by outlining a means of thinking about the related issues of identity and insult.Este ensayo evalúa el papel de los estereotipos en el trabajo de John Waters, un columnista del Irish Times. Waters desempeña varias labores profesionales –columnista de opinión, crítico cultural, comentarista radiofónico y autor de tres volúmenes que se sitúan entre la sociología popular y los estudios culturales–. Si bien Waters es un escritor inteligente e informado, en estos trabajos señala ciertos rasgos “irlandeses”, como la embriaguez, la irracionalidad y la propensión a la violencia de forma muy poco crítica, en busca, irónicamente, del auto proclamado objetivo de que Irlanda llegue a “descolonizar” su pensamiento. Estudio el uso que hace Waters de estos “estereotipos” en dos direcciones interrelacionadas. Primero, analizo lo que dice Waters sobre el desarrollo histórico y la situación moderna de la sociedad irlandesa, y cómo podríamos acercarnos a la comprensión de su proyecto en este sentido. Segundo, examino críticamente la fácil refutación de las descripciones, supuestamente culturales y nacionales, que ensaya Waters y que se encuentran en un amplio abanico de dis- ciplinas académicas. Concluyo bosquejando una manera de pensar sobre los temas relacionados de identidad e insulto

Prorenin and the heart : the Mannose 6-phosphate connection

The knowledge concerning the formation of angiotensins at cardiac tissue sites in relation to the presence and origin of cardiac renin, angiotensinogen and ACE is evaluated in chapter 2. To gain insight in the functional importance of locally generated angiotensin 11, the response of human forearm blood flow to infusion of either angiotensin I or angiotensin 11 was investigated (Chapter 3). To extend our results in the perfused isolated rat heart,31 experiments were performed to detect de novo synthesis of RAS components by neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and -fibroblasts under basal conditions and after stretch (Chapter 4). In addition, we characterized the binding and activation of human recombinant prorenin via mannose 6- phosphate/IGF11 receptors on the surface of human endothelial cells, and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and -fibroblasts (Chapters 5 and 6). To validate our results obtained with human recombinant prorenin, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were also incubated with human (pro)renin- containing body fluids (Chapter 7). The latter studies also addressed the importance of soluble mannose 6-phosphate/IGF11 receptors. Finally, since 1) under certain conditions man nose 6-phosphate/IGF11 receptor activation initiates transcellu\ar signaling pathways,'2 and 2) renin binding to glomerular mesangial cells leads to plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 release and an increase in 3H-thymidine incorporation,25 we investigated whether prorenin binding and/or uptake by rat cardiomyocytes, in the presence or absence of angiotensinogen, resulted in a cellular response (Chapter 8). In these latter studies we also investigated intra- and extracellular angiotensin 11 generation and compared the effects of prorenin with those obtained with angiotensin II in parallel experiments

The effects of measurement error in cross cultural research

"In survey research many decisions are made in order to design an instrument for data collection. These choices have to do with the formulation of the question, the response categories, the instruction, the sample, the mode of data collection, etc. Each of these choices can lead to different errors (Sudman and Bradburn, 1974; Belson, 1981; Schuman and Presser, 1981; Dijkstra and Van der Zouwen, 1982; Andrews, 1984; Molenaar, 1986; Billiet et al., 1986; Groves, 1989; Alwin and Krosnick, 1991, and Scherpenzeel and Saris, 1997) and consequently to incomparability of results with respect to estimates of correlations and effect parameters across studies and also across countries. It is common knowledge that cross-cultural comparison can only be made if the measurement procedures are completely the same. In this study, we want to argue that this requirement is not enough. We will show that the results can also differ if the same procedures have been used because of differences in measurement errors in the different countries. We therefore propose a procedure to correct for measurement error, in order to make comparisons across countries with respect to correlations and regression coefficients. To correct for measurement error, we have chosen an approach that can be used by every researcher involved in social science research. This in particular is why we advocate this approach, even though, from a methodological point of view, more suitable approaches are available. We avoid using these methods because one purpose of this project is that we want to demonstrate a procedure for the correction of measurement error which can be used in any study, once prior methodological research is done. We begin with a discussion of the problems connected with measurement error in comparative survey research and then we describe the solution we have chosen for these problems. All examples given are based on the satisfaction studies done in the context of a methodological, comparative research project involving 13 language areas." (author's abstract