The Relationship between Capital Flight, Labor Migration and Economic Growth

Capital flight and labor migration have been increasing in developing nation like Pakistan. This study is used to check the relationship between capital flight, labor migration and economic growth of Pakistan. Time series data is used from 1983-2014 for variables like unemployed labor, capital outflow, unemployment and political instability. Different techniques such as unit root test, granger causality test, ordinary least square and two stages least square are used. Granger causality test showed that capital flight and economic growth have bidirectional causality, while labor migration and economic growth showed unidirectional causality. Two stage least square showed that political instability, labor migration, capital flight and unemployment have the negative impact on the economic growth of Pakistan. Political and security situation should be improved for better economic growth

The Relationship between Capital Flight, Labor Migration and Economic Growth

Capital flight and labor migration have been increasing in developing nation like Pakistan. This study is used to check the relationship between capital flight, labor migration and economic growth of Pakistan. Time series data is used from 1983-2014 for variables like unemployed labor, capital outflow, unemployment and political instability. Different techniques such as unit root test, granger causality test, ordinary least square and two stages least square are used. Granger causality test showed that capital flight and economic growth have bidirectional causality, while labor migration and economic growth showed unidirectional causality. Two stage least square showed that political instability, labor migration, capital flight and unemployment have the negative impact on the economic growth of Pakistan. Political and security situation should be improved for better economic growth

Willingness to pay for vaccination against hepatitis b and its determinants: the case study of an industrial district of Pakistan

Willingness to pay (WTP) for vaccination of hepatitis disease is a good measure to monetize the physical effects of a disease into monetary values. Therefore, the present study aims to find the willingness to pay for self-paid vaccines for hepatitis and its determinants in an industrial district Faisalabad, Pakistan. Primary data was collected from 200 nonpatients of hepatitis which were personally interviewed by using convenient sampling method. A scenario was presented to the selected respondents by using CVM technique. The respondents were randomly assigned to pre-chosen payment bids defined on the basis of prevailing market rates for vaccination at the time of survey. The multivariate linear regression was used to find the determinants of WTP. The results show that females are slightly more willing to pay as compared to males. The variables like age, income and awareness about hepatitis have positive impact on WTP for vaccination of hepatitis disease. About 57.3 percent people belonging to low income group wanted vaccination free of cost in Pakistan.Government should launch free vaccination programs for the most vulnerable group (poor) and must launch awareness campaign to increase knowledge about disease

Comparison of hemodynamic changes in ketamine versus fentanyl as co-induction agent with propofol in elective surgical procedures

Objectives: To assess the hemodynamic changes caused by the co-induction of ketamine or fentanyl with propofol. Methodology: This prospective randomized trial included 220 patients that underwent elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Random allocation of patients was done into two equal groups and drugs were administered using the double-blinded technique. Group A received propofol and fentanyl while group B received propofol and ketamine given as intravenous bolus doses. Measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) was done before induction and 10 minutes after induction before the surgical stimulus. Independent samples t-test and paired t-test were employed for analysis of the collected data. Results: Both groups had normal hemodynamic parameters before induction; however, there was a significant difference in hemodynamic indices of both groups after 10 minutes of induction (p<0.001). Group A showed a significant decrease in SBP, DBP, and MAP after 10 minutes of induction (p<0.001). The patients in group B showed a significant increase in mean HR from baseline to 10 minutes (p<0.001). Group B demonstrated no change in the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures; however, group A elucidated a significant decrease in these hemodynamic parameters. Conclusion: The combination of ketamine and propofol provides better hemodynamic stability than fentanyl and propofol. More studies are required to evaluate these changes in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities

Stanley's conjecture for critical ideals

Let S=K[x_1,x_2,...,x_n] be a polynomial ring in n variables over a field K. Stanley's conjecture holds for the modules I and S/I, when I is a critical monomial ideal. We calculate the Stanley depth of S/I when I is a canonical critical monomial ideal. For non critical monomial ideals we show the existence of a Stanley ideal with the same depth and Hilbert function.Comment: 5 page

Effect of once-a-day milk feeding on behavior and growth performance of pre-weaning calves

Objective The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of once-a-day milk feeding on growth performance and routine behavior of preweaning dairy calves. Methods At 22nd day of age, twenty-four Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (n = 12/treatment) based on milk feeding frequency (MF): i) 3 L of milk feeding two times a day; ii) 6 L of milk feeding once a day. The milk feeding amount was reduced to half for all calves between 56 and 60 days of age and weaning was done at 60 days of age. To determine the increase in weight and structural measurements, each calf was weighed and measured at 3 weeks of age and then at weaning. The daily behavioral activity of each calf was assessed from the 22nd day of age till weaning (60th day of age) through Nederlandsche Apparatenfabriek (NEDAP) software providing real-time data through a logger fitted on the calf’s foot. Results There was no interaction (p≥0.17) between MF and sex of the calves for routine behavioral parameters, body weight and structural measurements. Similarly, there was no effect of MF on routine behavioral parameters, body weight and structural measurements. However, the sex of the calves affected body weight gain in calves. Male calves had 27% greater total body weight and average daily gain than female calves. There was no effect of the sex of the calves on behavioral measurements. Collectively, in the current study, no negative effects of a once-a-day milk feeding regimen were found on routine behavioral and growth parameters of preweaning calves in group housing. Conclusion Once-a-day milk feeding can be safely adopted in preweaning calves from 22nd day of age

Genetic diversity among tomato accessions based on agro-morphological traits

It is of great importance to know about the genetic diversity, conservation and classification for further utilization of tomato germplasm resources. Therefore, 40 tomato accessions were evaluated on the basic of agro-morphological traits for genetic diversity in 2014. The experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm, University of Haripur and farmer field in Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Principal component analysis showed that five out of 27 principal components with an eigenvalue above 1.0 were considered for 74.10% of the total variance. The major contributing traits in variations were days to flowering (DFL), days to fruiting (DFR), fruit size (FS), fruit weight plant-1 (FW), yield plot-1 (YPP), yield hectare-1 (YPH), leaf length (LL), predominant fruit shape (PDFS), fruit length (FL), fruit width (FWidth), clusters plant-1 (CPP), fruits plant‑1 (FPP) and plant height (PH). The scattered plot of the PC’s revealed that the accessions were scattered in all the quarters, which is also a representative that high level of genetic variability was present. FW and FL were positively correlated with YPH. However, the remaining yield components indirectly contributed YPH. Cluster analysis divided 40 accessions into four main clusters (I, II, III and IV), each of which having 12, 11, 07 and 10 accessions. The accessions in clusters I and II were statistically similar and performed better in terms of yield and yield related traits. Grouping into different clusters was associated with their agro-morphological differences. These results could be serving as a useful resource for further characterization, preservation and breeding programs