Evaluación de la efectividad de las trampas de tipo “walk-in” para capturar una rapaz neotropical, el Chimango (Milvago chimango), en diferentes ambientes

En muchos estudios sobre aves rapaces se requiere la captura de los individuos y la selección de la técnica de trampeo más efectiva puede ser crucial para alcanzar los objetivos del estudio. Se evaluó la efectividad de las trampas de tipo “walk-in” para capturar a un ave rapaz neotropical muy común pero pobre- mente estudiada, el Chimango (Milvago chimango), en diferentes ambientes y se evaluaron los efectos de variables ambientales y metodológicas sobre el éxito y el número de individuos captu- rados. Entre 2009–2013 se capturó un total de 1452 individuos (en 188 días y 2178 horas de trampeo efectivo) con al menos 423 aves recapturadas más de una vez durante el estudio. La tasa promedio de captura diaria fue de 0.90 ind/h, con un máximo de 11 ind/h. El número de individuos captu- rados y el éxito de captura fueron mayores durante el período reproductivo y en colonias de mayor tamaño, pero fueron más bajos cuando se registraron períodos largos sin trampeo; además, estas variables fueron independientes de cualquier otro factor metodológico o del tipo de ambiente. El éxito, pero no el número de individuos capturados, se incrementó durante la mañana al ser comparado con las horas de la tarde. El éxito y el número de individuos capturados no estuvieron sesgados hacia ningún sexo o grupo etario. Los resultados muestran que las trampas de tipo “walk-in” constituyen una técnica de trampeo útil y altamente efectiva para capturar al Chimango durante todo el año, tanto en términos de éxito como de número de capturas.Many raptor studies require the capture of individuals and selection of the mosteffective trapping techniques may be crucial to achieving research goals. We assessed the effectiveness of walk-in traps to capture a very common, but poorly studied Neotropical raptor bird, the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango) in different environments and we evaluated the effects of environmental and methodological variables on trapping success and number of individuals captured. During 2009?2013 we captured a total of 1452 individuals (188 days and 2178 hours of effective trapping) with at least 423 birds being recaptured at least once during the study. The mean daily capture rate was 0.90 ind/h, with a maximum of 11 ind/h. Number of individuals captured and trapping success were higher during the breeding season and in larger colonies but were lower when longer lapse of non-trapping periods were recorded, then these variableswere independent of any other methodological factor and environment type. Trapping success, but not number of individuals captured, increased during the morning when compared with afternoon hours. Trapping success and number of individuals captured were not biased towards any sex, or age group. Our results show that the walk-in trap is a useful and highly effective trapping technique for the Chimango Caracara measured both in terms of number of captures and trapping success throughout the year.Fil: Solaro, Claudina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de Aves Rapaces; ArgentinaFil: Sarasola, José Hernán. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de Aves Rapaces; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentin

Granivoría de la Torcaza Común (Zenaida auriculata) y su rol en la dispersión de semillas en bosques semiáridos del centro de Argentina

La Torcaza Común (Zenaida auriculata) es una de las aves granívoras más abundantes de la región Neotropical, y ha sido declarada plaga en varias regiones del sur de Sudamérica. La mayoría de los estudios sobre la dieta de esta especie se han llevado a cabo en ambientes agrícolas con el fin de evaluar los daños a los cultivos y la preferencia de las palomas por las semillas de un cultivo en particular. Recientemente se ha demostrado que la Torcaza Común podría también desempañar un rol como dispersores de semillas ya que a menudo las semillas contenidas en los buches se derraman cuando las palomas son depredadas. En este trabajo estudiamos los hábitos alimenticios de la Torcaza Común en los bosques xerofítico semiáridos del centro de Argentina y el potencial germinativo de las semillas contenidas en sus buches. Basado en el contenido de buches, empleando una fórmula emética y experimentos de germinación en invernáculo, nuestro objetivo fue determinar la dieta de la Torcaza Común y evaluar su rol potencial como predadores y dispersores de semillas. La mayoría de las aves que capturamos (70%, n = 131) regurgitaron el contenido de sus buches. El contenido de los buches estuvo compuesto casi exclusivamente de semillas, correspondientes a seis especies de plantas cultivadas y 13 especies no cultivadas, con una media (± DE) de 207 ± 286 semillas/buche. Las Torcazas consumieron semillas en asincronía con la fructificación de las plantas cultivadas o ciclo de siembra de los cultivos, tanto para las especies no cultivadas como para las especies cultivadas respectivamente, lo que sugiere que las palomas forrajean no solo directamente de las plantas sino también de las plantas de almacenamiento de semillas, de semillas caídas, y del banco de semillas. Seleccionamos algunas de las especies de plantas más representativas obtenidas de los buches de las torcazas para realizar los experimentos de germinación. Sin bien todas las especies mostraron algún nivel de potencial germinación, las semillas de las especies de plantas cultivadas (n = 5) mostraron un potencial medio de germinación mayor (56,8%) que las especies no cultivadas (23,1%, n = 3 especies). Nuestros resultados confirman el rol de la Torcaza Común como predadora de semillas pero también ponen de manifiesto su rol potencial en procesos de dispersión de semillas luego de sufrir predación.The Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata) is one of the most abundant granivorous birds in the Neotropical region, and has been declared as a pest in several regions of southern South America. Most studies of this dove’s diet have been conducted in agricultural lands in order to evaluate crop damage and dove preferences for particular crop seeds. More recently, it has been argued that Eared Doves may also play a role as seed dispersers, since often seeds contained in crops are spilled when doves are killed by predators. Here, we studied the food habits of the Eared Dove in xerophytic semiarid forests of central Argentina and the germination potential of seeds contained in crops. Based on crop contents, using an emetic formula and greenhouse germination experiments, we aimed to determine the diet of the Eared Dove and to evaluate the potential role of doves as seed predators and dispersers. Most of the birds cap‐ tured (70%, n = 131) regurgitated crop contents. Crops contained almost exclusively seeds of six cultivated and 13 non‐cultivated plant species, with a mean (±SD) of 207 ± 286 seeds/crop. Doves consumed seeds in asynchrony with the plant fruiting or crop‐sowing cycle for both non‐cultivated and cultivated species, respectively, suggesting that doves forage not only directly from plants but also from crop‐seed storage facilities, spilled grain, and the seed bank. We selected some of the most representative plant species obtained from dove crops to carry out germination exper‐ iments. While all species showed some level of germination potential, seeds from cultivated plant species (n = 5) showed a higher mean germination potential (56.8%) than those from non‐cultivated species (23.1%, n = 3). Our results confirm the role of the Eared Dove as seed predator but also highlight its potential role as seed disperser fol‐ lowing predation.Fil: Costan, Andrea Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Sarasola, José Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentin

Past and current evidence of persecution of the Endangered crowned eagle Harpyhaliaetus coronatus in Argentina

The crowned eagle Harpyhaliaetus coronatus is a large Neotropical eagle categorized as Endangered throughout its range. However, the threats to this species are poorly understood. We present data on the causes of death of crowned eagles in semi-arid forests of La Pampa province, central Argentina. Data was obtained from field surveys and from interviews with 62 local landowners during 1999–2004. Over this period five eagles were shot, one killed by a car, one was found dead in a cattle water trough, and one was found in captivity. From the interviews information was obtained about a further 10 cases of eagles being shot, disturbed or trapped. Five (13%) of 38 interviewed landowners who positively identified the species admitted having killed or disturbed eagles in the past but only two (5%) mentioned predation of eagles upon livestock as a problem. Persecution seems to be a significant threat to this species in central Argentina and future research and conservation action should be focused not only on gaining a better knowledge of the biology of the species but also on conservation and educational programmes involving local people. a large Neotropical eagle categorized as Endangered throughout its range. However, the threats to this species are poorly understood. We present data on the causes of death of crowned eagles in semi-arid forests of La Pampa province, central Argentina. Data was obtained from field surveys and from interviews with 62 local landowners during 1999–2004. Over this period five eagles were shot, one killed by a car, one was found dead in a cattle water trough, and one was found in captivity. From the interviews information was obtained about a further 10 cases of eagles being shot, disturbed or trapped. Five (13%) of 38 interviewed landowners who positively identified the species admitted having killed or disturbed eagles in the past but only two (5%) mentioned predation of eagles upon livestock as a problem. Persecution seems to be a significant threat to this species in central Argentina and future research and conservation action should be focused not only on gaining a better knowledge of the biology of the species but also on conservation and educational programmes involving local people. a large Neotropical eagle categorized as Endangered throughout its range. However, the threats to this species are poorly understood. We present data on the causes of death of crowned eagles in semi-arid forests of La Pampa province, central Argentina. Data was obtained from field surveys and from interviews with 62 local landowners during 1999–2004. Over this period five eagles were shot, one killed by a car, one was found dead in a cattle water trough, and one was found in captivity. From the interviews information was obtained about a further 10 cases of eagles being shot, disturbed or trapped. Five (13%) of 38 interviewed landowners who positively identified the species admitted having killed or disturbed eagles in the past but only two (5%) mentioned predation of eagles upon livestock as a problem. Persecution seems to be a significant threat to this species in central Argentina and future research and conservation action should be focused not only on gaining a better knowledge of the biology of the species but also on conservation and educational programmes involving local people. Harpyhaliaetus coronatus is a large Neotropical eagle categorized as Endangered throughout its range. However, the threats to this species are poorly understood. We present data on the causes of death of crowned eagles in semi-arid forests of La Pampa province, central Argentina. Data was obtained from field surveys and from interviews with 62 local landowners during 1999–2004. Over this period five eagles were shot, one killed by a car, one was found dead in a cattle water trough, and one was found in captivity. From the interviews information was obtained about a further 10 cases of eagles being shot, disturbed or trapped. Five (13%) of 38 interviewed landowners who positively identified the species admitted having killed or disturbed eagles in the past but only two (5%) mentioned predation of eagles upon livestock as a problem. Persecution seems to be a significant threat to this species in central Argentina and future research and conservation action should be focused not only on gaining a better knowledge of the biology of the species but also on conservation and educational programmes involving local people.Fil: Sarasola, José Hernán. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Confluencia; ArgentinaFil: Maceda, Juan José. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa; Argentin

EARED DOVE (ZENAIDA AURICULATA) GRANIVORY AND ITS ROLE IN SEED DISPERSAL IN SEMIARID FORESTS OF CENTRAL ARGENTINA

Abstract ∙ The Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata) is one of the most abundant granivorous birds in the Neotropical region, and has been declared as a pest in several regions of southern South America. Most studies of this dove’s diet have been conducted in agricultural lands in order to evaluate crop damage and dove preferences for particular crop seeds. More recently, it has been argued that Eared Doves may also play a role as seed dispersers, since often seeds contained in crops are spilled when doves are killed by predators. Here, we studied the food habits of the Eared Dove in xerophytic semiarid forests of central Argentina and the germination potential of seeds contained in crops. Based on crop contents, using an emetic formula and greenhouse germination experiments, we aimed to determine the diet of the Eared Dove and to evaluate the potential role of doves as seed predators and dispersers. Most of the birds captured (70%, n = 131) regurgitated crop contents. Crops contained almost exclusively seeds of six cultivated and 13 non‐cultivated plant species, with a mean (±SD) of 207 ± 286 seeds/crop. Doves consumed seeds in asynchrony with the plant fruiting or crop‐sowing cycle for both non‐cultivated and cultivated species, respectively, suggesting that doves forage not only directly from plants but also from crop‐seed storage facilities, spilled grain, and the seed bank. We selected some of the most representative plant species obtained from dove crops to carry out germination experiments. While all species showed some level of germination potential, seeds from cultivated plant species (n = 5) showed a higher mean germination potential (56.8%) than those from non‐cultivated species (23.1%, n = 3). Our results confirm the role of the Eared Dove as seed predator but also highlight its potential role as seed disperser following predation.Resumen ∙ Granivoría de la Torcaza Común (Zenaida auriculata) y su rol en la dispersión de semillas en bosques semiáridos del centro de Argentina ∙ La Torcaza Común (Zenaida auriculata) es una de las aves granívoras más abundantes de la región Neotropical, y ha sido declarada plaga en varias regiones del sur de Sudamérica. La mayoría de los estudios sobre la dieta de esta especie se han llevado a cabo en ambientes agrícolas con el fin de evaluar los daños a los cultivos y la preferencia de las palomas por las semillas de un cultivo en particular. Recientemente se ha demostrado que la Torcaza Común podría también desempañar un rol como dispersores de semillas ya que a menudo las semillas contenidas en los buches se derraman cuando las palomas son depredadas. En este trabajo estudiamos los hábitos alimenticios de la Torcaza Común en los bosques xerofítico semiáridos del centro de Argentina y el potencial germinativo de las semillas contenidas en sus buches. Basado en el contenido de buches, empleando una fórmula emética y experimentos de germinación en invernáculo, nuestro objetivo fue determinar la dieta de la Torcaza Común y evaluar su rol potencial como predadores y dispersores de semillas. La mayoría de las aves que capturamos (70%, n = 131) regurgitaron el contenido de sus buches. El contenido de los buches estuvo compuesto casi exclusivamente de semillas, correspondientes a seis especies de plantas cultivadas y 13 especies no cultivadas, con una media (± DE) de 207 ± 286 semillas/buche. Las Torcazas consumieron semillas en asincronía con la fructificación de las plantas cultivadas o ciclo de siembra de los cultivos, tanto para las especies no cultivadas como para las especies cultivadas respectivamente, lo que sugiere que las palomas forrajean no solo directamente de las plantas sino también de las plantas de almacenamiento de semillas, de semillas caídas, y del banco de semillas. Seleccionamos algunas de las especies de plantas más representativas obtenidas de los buches de las torcazas para realizar los experimentos de germinación. Sin bien todas las especies mostraron algún nivel de potencial germinación, las semillas de las especies de plantas cultivadas (n = 5) mostraron un potencial medio de germinación mayor (56,8%) que las especies no cultivadas (23,1%, n = 3 especies). Nuestros resultados confirman el rol de la Torcaza Común como predadora de semillas pero también ponen de manifiesto su rol potencial en procesos de dispersión de semillas luego de sufrir predación

Gender determination in Swainson´s hawk (buteo swainsoni) using molecular procedures and discriminant function analysis

Peer reviewe

Using drones to reduce human disturbance while monitoring breeding status of an endangered raptor

In birds, obtaining information related to nest occupancy, offspring status or breeding success is essential for population monitoring, particularly for species of conservation concern. Traditionally, nest monitoring demands a lot of time and effort in order to gather accurate information and avoiding nest disturbance. Instead, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs, hereafter drones) present an alternative to traditional methods, but few studies have been done measuring their influence on birds’ behavior and reproductive success. We addressed the utility of drones equipped with an on-board camera in examining nesting status of the endangered Chaco Eagle Buteogallus coronatus in semiarid environments of central Argentina, as well as the degree of disturbance of drone flights to individuals. We performed 76 drone flights at 41 Chaco Eagle nests registering flight duration, tree height, nest relative height and pilot proximity to nest. Of those, 38 flights were done over occupied nests where we recorded adult behavior. Before drone took off, most adult eagles remained in the nests or in the surroundings (<100 m away), particularly during the incubation period and in tall trees. During drone flights, only one adult flew as a response to drone flights. The rest of them remained vigilant or emitted alarm calls while incubating or perched on the nest platform. No attack toward drones was registered. The use of drones for monitoring Chaco Eagle’s nests significantly reduced levels of disturbance when compared with traditional methods where all adults flew away during climbing. Additionally, this method was almost three times faster in comparison to traditional climbing (performed at the end of the reproductive season) and had no negative effects on reproductive success of Chaco Eagles. Although responses to drones could be species-specific, our results encourage researchers to consider and test the use of drones as a less disturbing and rapid method to monitor breeding raptor populations.Fil: Gallego García, Diego. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de Aves Rapaces; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Sarasola, José Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de Aves Rapaces; Argentin

Predation on Philodryas patagoniensis (Squamata, Colubridae) by an Aplomado falcon (Falconidae: Falco femoralis) in central Argentina

The Patagonia Green Racer (Philodryas patagoniensis, Squamata, Colubridae) is a widespread snake that occurs in Argentina, Brazil, eastern Bolivia and Uruguay (Cei, 1993). In Argentina this species ranges from northern (Formosa, Misiones, Corrientes, Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, Chaco and La Rioja) and central provinces (Mendoza, La Pampa, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos, San Luis) up to northern Patagonia (Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut) in the south (Cei, 1993). The Patagonian Green Racer is a medium-sized diurnal colubrid snake that exhibits a territorial behavior, and inhabits mainly open areas as grassland and savannas (Cei, 1993; Scolaro, 2005). Here we present a case of predation on the Patagonian Green Racer by an ornithophagus raptor, the Aplomado Falcon (Falconidae: Falco femoralis). The observation was made in an agricultural landscape from La Pampa province, in central Argentina, during bird?s reproductive season (austral spring). The area consists of a mosaic of different crops and farming lands. The Aplomado Falcon is a medium-sized (average 300 g) falcon of the Americas. This raptor is mainly ornithofagous, being the Ear doves (Zenaida auriculata) its major prey on the study area (Liébana, 2015). Until this report doesn?t exits evidence of depredation by Aplomado Falcon over Patagonian Green Racers or on any other species of Philodryas (Keddy-Hector, 2000; Figueroa and Corales, 2005; Bó et al., 2007; Baladrón et al., 2012). On 10 November 2010 we found remains of a Patagonian Green Racer in an Aplomado Falcon nest containing three nestlings, in Colonia Baron town (36°09′05″ S, 63°51′14″ W; 154 m a.s.l.). The snake remains were situated below the nest, the head and part of the body were possibly consumed by the falcons before falling down to the ground. This was the only occurrence of this prey item on 589 pellets and 278 prey remains analyzed. Remains of colubrid preys (scales) were found on three pellets but they couldn?t be identified to species level. Other reptiles founded in low frequency were Teius oculatus (n=3) and Lioalaemus sp. (n=11). All the reptile preys were identified using references collections and keys (Scolaro, 2005; Scrochi et al., 2010). It has been documented that P. patagoniensis is consumed by a variety of raptor species: the Laughing Falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnas) in Brazil, the Whitetailed Hawk (Buteo albicaudatus) and the Crowned Solitary Eagle (Harpyhialeaetus coronatus) in central Argentina, and it is also probably consumed by the Roadside Hawk (Buteo magnirostris) and the Savanna Hawk (Heterospizias meridionalis) in northern Argentina (De la Peña, 2001; Di Giácomo, 2005; Motta-Junior et al., 2010; Sarasola et al., 2010; Galmes unpublished data). The Patagonian Green Racer is very common in central Argentina; but information about its ecology and potential predators are scarce. Our record presents the Aplomado Falcon as an occasional predator on this colubrid snake.Fil: Liébana, María Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de Aves Rapaces; ArgentinaFil: Santillán, Miguel Ángel. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de Aves Rapaces; ArgentinaFil: Mallet, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de Aves Rapaces; ArgentinaFil: Sarasola, José Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de Aves Rapaces; Argentin

Hypercarnivorous apex predator could provide ecosystem services by dispersing seeds

Large ?hypercarnivorous? felids are recognized for their role as apex predators and hence as key elements in food webs and ecosystem functioning through competition and depredation. Here we show that cougars (Puma concolor), one of the largest and the most widely ranging apex felid predators with an strictly carnivorous diet, could be also effective secondary long distance seed dispersers, potentially establishing direct and non-herbivore mediated interactions with plant species at the bottom of the food web. Cougars accidently ingest and disseminate large amounts of seeds (31,678 seeds in 123 scats) of plant species initially consumed by their main prey, the Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata. The germination potential of seeds for three of the weedy/invasive plant species more abundantly found in cougar scats (19,570 seeds) was not significantly different from that observed in seeds obtained from dove gizzards, indicating that seed passage through cougar guts did not affect seed germination. Considering the estimated cougar density in our study area, dispersal of seeds by cougars could allow a mean, annual seed spread of ~5,000 seeds per km2. Our results demonstrate that strictly carnivorous, felid predators could have broad and overlooked ecological functions related to ecosystem structuring and functioning.Fil: Sarasola, José Hernán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Zanón Martínez, Juan Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Costan, Andrea Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Ripple, William. State University of Oregon; Estados Unido

Exploring the size of Andean condor foraging groups along an altitudinal and latitudinal gradient in the Tropical Andes: Ecological and conservation implications

Patterns of variation in the size of vulture foraging groups, and their ecological causes and consequences, remain little explored despite strong links with the carrion recycling service that this key functional group provides. We documented the group size-frequency pattern of Andean condors Vultur gryphus gathered to feed on 42 equine carcasses experimentally placed in Bolivia, between 2012 and 2019, along an elevation range of 1,300–4,500 m asl. Based on the location (altitude and latitude) of the foraging groups, we examined the relationship between their size and species’ population parameters (size and trend), habitat conditions, and livestock carcass availability and predictability. Condors utilized a high frequency (93%) of carcasses forming groups that ranged from 1 to 80 individuals (mean = 25, median = 18) and shaped a “lazy-J curve” typical pattern of size-frequency distribution whereby few groups (5, 12%) were large (> 55 individuals) and most (21, 50%) were relatively small (<19 individuals). Group size related to altitude in that most larger groups formed at lower sites (below c. 3,000 m asl), likely following an altitudinal gradient whereby larger groups are more likely to form around larger carcasses (i.e., cattle), which are more likely to occur at lower elevations. Regardless of population size, group size could be an adaptive response of condors via local enhancement for improving individual scavenging efficiency. Many information gaps on this topic still exist, thus we provide a set of questions to address them, especially amidst the unrestricted impacts of human activities that condition vulture survival globally.Fil: Méndez, Diego. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; EspañaFil: Vargas, Félix Hernán. No especifíca;Fil: Sarasola, José Hernán. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencia Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de Aves Rapaces; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa; ArgentinaFil: Olea, Pedro P.. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Españ

Nuevas evidencias cuestionan la hipótesis del ayuno durante la migración para el aguilucho langostero (Buteo swainsoni)

We examined the fasting migration hypothesis for Swainson’s Hawks (Buteo swainsoni) by estimating the length, duration, and speed of the migration between North and South America and measuring changes in their body masses at various times throughout the year. We instrumented 34 adult Swainson’s Hawks with satellite radios on their breeding grounds in western North America to determine the duration, length, and speed of the migration. Migrating south at 188 km/day, it took Swainson’s Hawks 51 days to complete their 13504 km migration to their austral summer grounds. Averaging only 150 km/day on their return migration, it took them 60 days to complete the shorter 11952 km migration back to North America. Adult male and female Swainson’s Hawks had average body masses of 872 g and 1131 g, respectively, when they departed from North America in September and their body masses upon arrival in Argentina averaged 759 g for adult males and 933 g for adult females, indicating they lost only an average of 18% of their body masses during migration. Adult male and female Swainson’s Hawks had body masses of 792 g and 1013 g, respectively, in February prior to their departure from Argentina and they returned to the breeding grounds in North America weighing 802 g and 1087 g in April. Our results indicate that the fasting migration model does not predict the actual body masses of Swainson’s Hawks during the migration season and it should be modified to account for either lower energy expenditures during migration or the possibility that the birds use a stopover strategy during migration, feeding and regaining, or maintaining, fat stores along the migration route.Se examinó la hipótesis del ayuno durante la migración para el Aguilucho Langostero (Buteo swainsoni) mediante la estimación de la longitud, la duración y la velocidad de migración entre América del Norte y del Sur, y la medición de los cambios en el peso corporal en varios momentos a lo largo del año. Se colocaron transmisores satelitales a 34 aguiluchos adultos en sus áreas de cría en el oeste de América del Norte para determinar la duración, la longitud y la velocidad de la migración. En su migración al sur, a 188 km/día, el Aguilucho Langostero tarda 51 días para completar los 13504 km hasta las áreas donde permanece durante el verano austral. A un promedio de solo 150 km/día en su migración de retorno, le toma 60 días completar los 11952 km de regreso a América del Norte. Los machos y hembras adultos de Aguilucho Langostero tuvieron un peso corporal promedio de 872 g y 1131 g, respectivamente, cuando partían de América del Norte en septiembre, y su peso corporal al arribar a Argentina promedió 759 g en los machos adultos y 933 g en las hembras adultas, indicando que pierden, en promedio, solo el 18% de su peso corporal durante la migración. En febrero, antes de su partida de Argentina, los machos y hembras adultos de Aguilucho Langostero tuvieron un peso corporal de 792 g y 1013 g, respectivamente, y llegaron a sus áreas de cría en América del Norte pesando 802 g y 1087 g, en abril. Los resultados indican que el modelo de ayuno durante la migración no predice los pesos corporales reales del Aguilucho Langostero durante la estación migratoria y que debería ser modificado para dar cuenta de menores gastos energéticos durante la migración o la posibilidad de que las aves usen una estrategia de paradas durante la migración, alimentándose e incorporando (o manteniendo) grasa a lo largo de la ruta migratoria