Analisis Penyerapan Energi Kinetik Pada Berbagai Variasi Kecepatan Dan Inersia Flywheel

Kinetyc Energy Recovery system (KERS) is a mechanism of non convensional breaking system to absorb and recovery kynetic energy from breaking desseleration by the vehycle asstep of increasing vehichleeficiency. At this moment Kinetyc Energy Recovery system (KERS) are applycated on high speed vehicle, hybrid vehicle, and heavy duty vehicle, usually F1 race car, FerraryEnzo sport car, Flybus and modern truck. The absorbtion of kynetic energy use flywheel. Kynetic energy is effected by flywheel inertia and duration. The purpose of this research is to know absorbtion of kynetic energy from flywheel with 2 various of inertia from KERS type mechanism and wheel velocity various between 800rpm until 1800rpm. This research was done at Design Laboratory of Mechanical Direction Engineering Faculty of Jember University. Conclusion from the research is the biggest absorbtion energy in flywheel from various inertia 0,0317kg.m 2 at 1800rpm are 23.210,72 Joule

Pengaruh Kompensasi dan Motivasi terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan Pdam Tirta Moedal Semarang

Employee productivity due to many factors, including compensation and motivation. Compensation is remuneration for work performed by employees. While the motivation is anything that raises the spirit or the encouragement of work to achieve work satisfaction. The purpose of this study is that to determine the extent of the influence of compensation and motivation for the production of employee productivity in PDAM Tirta Moedal Semarang. The hypothesis that the influence of compensation (X1) and motivation (X2) of the employee productivity (Y). Type of research is explanatory which, the techniques of file collection using questionnaires. Number of respondent a 80 peoples obtained using simple random sampling. File were analyzed qualitatively and quantitavely by using the a test of validity, reliability, simple linear regression, t test and F test with SPSS 16.0 tools. Based on the analysis of SPSS calculation can be explained that there is the influence of motivation on employee productivity, there is influence between compensation and motivation of employees productivity of PDAM Tirta Moedal Semarang. The conclution is that the compensation and motivation affects employee productivity and the level of closeness has a strong relationship . The suggestion are good companies to readjust the salaries, incentives, and overtime pay provided for employees in terms of both the system and the amount of wages, increase employee motivation to pay more attention to such empoyees, more appreciative of the work of employees, and giving spirit through training interesting, encouraging employees to increase productivity for example by providing more frequent training and conduction periodi

Capacitor Motor as Low-Power, Low-Speed Single-Phase Generator

In this paper, some results of experiment on modification of induction motor into generator are described. Not as usually done on three-phase motor, the modification has been done on capacitor motors normally supplied with single-phase source. The resulted induction generator should be able to self-excite and has been intended for low-power, low-speed applications. These applications are prospective for example in rural renewable energy generations and as motors for some special electric vehicles. Machine modification instead of total design-production or new machine acquisition is considered more appropriate for remote rural electrification. Distance and transportation difficulties, unavailability of nearby machine industry, lack of human resources with ‘high-tech savvy', besides the low purchasing power of population in remote rural areas are some reasons behind the consideration. Experiment results indicated that voltage generation up to nominal value is not always easy to attain in a capacitor motor, even when functioning beyond its synchronous speed. An additional pre-charged capacitor should be used to initiate voltage generation. During start-up, load and the pre-charged capacitor had to be removed from generator to avoid capacitor discharge. Load could then be added gradually once generator approached its nominal output value. It was also shown that in order to generate power the generator must be rotating over its synchronous speed. The resulted frequency values did not vary linearly to the rotation speed and the obtained efficiency was still low

The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance

BACKGROUND: In preparation of vaccines trials to estimate protection against shigellosis and cholera we conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study in an impoverished area of North Jakarta which provided updated information on the disease burden in the area. METHODS: We conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study from August 2001 to July 2003 in an impoverished area of North Jakarta to assess the burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera. At participating health care providers, a case report form was completed and stool sample collected from cases presenting with diarrhoea. RESULTS: Infants had the highest incidences of diarrhoea (759/1 000/year) and cholera (4/1 000/year). Diarrhea incidence was significantly higher in boys under 5 years (387/1 000/year) than girls under 5 years (309/1 000/year; p < 0.001). Children aged 1 to 2 years had the highest incidence of shigellosis (32/1 000/year). Shigella flexneri was the most common Shigella species isolated and 73% to 95% of these isolates were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and tetracycline but remain susceptible to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. We found an overall incidence of cholera of 0.5/1 000/year. Cholera was most common in children, with the highest incidence at 4/1 000/year in those less than 1 year of age. Of the 154 V. cholerae O1 isolates, 89 (58%) were of the El Tor Ogawa serotype and 65 (42%) were El Tor Inaba. Thirty-four percent of patients with cholera were intravenously rehydrated and 22% required hospitalization. V. parahaemolyticus infections were detected sporadically but increased from July 2002 onwards. CONCLUSION: Diarrhoea causes a heavy public health burden in Jakarta particularly in young children. The impact of shigellosis is exacerbated by the threat of antimicrobial resistance, whereas that of cholera is aggravated by its severe manifestations

Correction: The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance

This is a correction of an earlier published article

Diarrhoea Episodes and Treatment-seeking Behaviour in a Slum Area of North Jakarta, Indonesia

Visits to household during a census in an impoverished area of north Jakarta were used for exploring the four-week prevalence of diarrhoea, factors associated with episodes of diarrhoea, and the patterns of healthcare use. For 160,261 urban slum-dwellers, information was collected on the socioeconomic status of the household and on diarrhoea episodes of individual household residents in the preceding four weeks. In households with a reported case of diarrhoea, the household head was asked which form of healthcare was used first. In total, 8,074 individuals (5%)\uaf13% of children aged less than five years and 4% of adults\uafhad a diarrhoea episode in the preceding four weeks. The two strongest factors associated with a history of diarrhoea were a diarrhoea episode in another household member in the four weeks preceding the interview (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 11.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 10.4- 11.8) and age less than five years (adjusted OR 3.4; 95% CI 3.2-3.5). Of the 8,074 diarrhoea cases, 1,969 (25%) treated themselves, 1,822 (23%) visited a public-health centre (PHC), 1,462 (18%) visited a private practitioner or a private clinic, 1,318 (16%) presented at a hospital, 753 (9%) bought drugs from a drug vendor, and 750 (9%) used other healthcare providers, such as belian (traditional healers). Children with diarrhoea were most often brought to a PHC, a private clinic, or a hospital for treatment. Compared to children, adults with diarrhoea were more likely to treat themselves. Individuals from households in the lowest-income group were significantly more likely to attend a PHC for treatment of diarrhoea compared to individuals from households in the middle- and higher-income groups

Avian Influenza H5N1 Transmission in Households, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Disease transmission patterns are needed to inform public health interventions, but remain largely unknown for avian influenza H5N1 virus infections. A recent study on the 139 outbreaks detected in Indonesia between 2005 and 2009 found that the type of exposure to sources of H5N1 virus for both the index case and their household members impacted the risk of additional cases in the household. This study describes the disease transmission patterns in those outbreak households. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We compared cases (n = 177) and contacts (n = 496) in the 113 sporadic and 26 cluster outbreaks detected between July 2005 and July 2009 to estimate attack rates and disease intervals. We used final size household models to fit transmission parameters to data on household size, cases and blood-related household contacts to assess the relative contribution of zoonotic and human-to-human transmission of the virus, as well as the reproduction number for human virus transmission. The overall household attack rate was 18.3% and secondary attack rate was 5.5%. Secondary attack rate remained stable as household size increased. The mean interval between onset of subsequent cases in outbreaks was 5.6 days. The transmission model found that human transmission was very rare, with a reproduction number between 0.1 and 0.25, and the upper confidence bounds below 0.4. Transmission model fit was best when the denominator population was restricted to blood-related household contacts of index cases. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The study only found strong support for human transmission of the virus when a single large cluster was included in the transmission model. The reproduction number was well below the threshold for sustained transmission. This study provides baseline information on the transmission dynamics for the current zoonotic virus and can be used to detect and define signatures of a virus with increasing capacity for human-to-human transmission