Higher efficiency of the liver phosphorylative system in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats

Liver mitochondrial bioenergetics of Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats (a model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) reveals a [Delta][Psi] upon energization with succinate significantly increased relatively to control animals. The repolarization rate following ADP phosphorylation is also significantly increased in GK mitochondria in parallel with increased ATPase activity. The increase in the repolarization rate and ATPase activity is presumably related to an improved efficiency of F0F1-ATPase, either from a better phosphorylative energy coupling or as a consequence of an enlarged number of catalytic units. Titrations with oligomycin indicate that diabetic GK liver mitochondria require excess oligomycin pulses to completely abolish phosphorylation, relative to control mitochondria. Therefore, accepting that the number of operational ATP synthase units is inversely proportional to the amount of added oligomycin, it is concluded that liver mitochondria of diabetic GK rats are provided with extra catalytic units relative to control mitochondria of normal rats. Other tissues (kidney, brain and skeletal muscle) were evaluated for the same bioenergetic parameters, confirming that this feature is exclusive to liver from diabetic GK rats.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6T36-3XCF7ST-5/1/4b332e8be5488aa395f2b6473dc9a01

Acúmulo de nutrientes e matéria seca na parte aérea de dois cultivares de soja RR sob efeito de formulações de glyphosate Nutrient and shoot dry matter accumulation of two GR soybean cultivars under the effect of glyphosate formulations

O estudo da seletividade e dos efeitos secundários dos herbicidas nas culturas agrícolas é de extrema importância para o sucesso da agricultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de formulações de glyphosate sobre o acúmulo de nutrientes e produção de matéria seca na parte aérea de dois cultivares de soja resistente ao glyphosate (RR). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com seis repetições. Os tratamentos resultaram do arranjo fatorial entre formulações de glyphosate (Roundup Original®, Roundup Ready®, Roundup Transorb®, Roundup WG®, Roundup Ultra® e Zapp Qi®), mais uma testemunha e cultivares de soja RR (CD 225 RR e V Max RR). As aplicações dos herbicidas ocorreram quando as plantas se apresentavam no estádio V3, na dosagem de 960 g e.a. ha-1. O acúmulo de macronutrientes e micronutrientes e a produção de matéria seca na parte aérea das plantas sempre foram maiores no cultivar V Max RR em relação ao CD 225 RR. As formulações Roundup Ready® e Roundup Ultra® não proporcionaram redução no acúmulo de nutrientes e na produção de matéria seca na parte aérea dos cultivares. Por sua vez, Roundup Transorb®, Roundup Original® e Roundup WG® prejudicaram a nutrição dos cultivares e a produção de matéria seca. Conclui-se que o acúmulo de nutrientes e a produção de matéria seca na parte aérea de plantas de soja são alterados em função da aplicação de glyphosate, mesmo para cultivares RR.<br>The study of selectivity and secondary effects of herbicides on crops is extremely important to successful agriculture. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of glyphosate formulations on nutrient accumulation and dry matter production on the shoot of two glyphosateresistant (GR) soybean cultivars. The assay was carried out in a greenhouse and arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated six times. The treatments were in a factorial arrangement including six glyphosate formulations (Roundup Original®, Roundup Ready®, Roundup Transorb®, Roundup WG®, Roundup Ultra® and Zapp Qi®), plus a control treatment, and two soybean cultivars (CD 225 RR and V Max RR). The herbicide applications were performed when the plants were at the V3 growth stage, using a dose of960 g a.e. ha-1 . The macronutrient and micronutrient accumulation and dry matter production in the shoot of the soybean plants were greater in V Max RR cultivar than in CD 225 RR cultivar. The formulations Roundup Ready® and Roundup Ultra® did not promote nutrient accumulation reduction in the shoot ofthe cultivars. In addition, the formulations Roundup Original®, Roundup Transorb® and Roundup WG® caused the greatest damage to nutrient accumulation and dry matter production. It was concluded that nutrient accumulation and dry matter production in the shoots of the soybean plants are affected by glyphosate application, even for GR cultivars

Efeito da intensidade do vento, da pressão e de pontas de pulverização na deriva de aplicações de herbicidas em pré-emergência Effect of wind intensity, pressure and nozzles on spray drift from preemergence herbicide applications

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de pontas de pulverização, pressão e intensidade do vento na deriva gerada em aplicações simuladas de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência. Os modelos de pontas de pulverização e as respectivas pressões testadas foram: SF 11002 (207 e 310 kPa), JA-2 (345 e 655 kPa) e AVI 11002 (207 e 414 kPa). As aplicações foram realizadas em dois períodos, em dias com condições de velocidade de vento distintas, em uma área de 1.200 m², localizada na Fazenda Experimental da FCA/UNESP. Um pulverizador com barra de 12 m, 24 bicos e tanque de 600 L foi utilizado nas aplicações. A calda de aplicação foi composta por água e o corante alimentício FDC-1 foi usado como traçador. A deriva foi amostrada por coletores ativos fixados sobre a barra de pulverização. As velocidades mínimas, médias e máximas de vento registradas no primeiro e segundo períodos das aplicações foram de 7, 14 e 23 km h-1 e 1, 5 e 18 km h-1, respectivamente. Nas duas ocasiões de aplicação, as pontas de pulverização com indução de ar AVI 11002 e de jato cônico vazio JA-2 a 655 kPa resultaram nas menores e maiores quantidades de depósito de líquido detectadas, respectivamente. A maior intensidade do vento incrementou a deriva. A redução na pressão pode ser utilizada para controle de deriva, mas a seleção adequada de uma ponta mostrou ser mais eficiente para esse propósito.<br>The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of nozzles, spray pressure and wind intensity on spray drift generated in simulated preemergence herbicide applications. The nozzle designs and respective pressures tested were: SF 11002 (207 and 310 kPa), JA-2 (345 and 655 kPa) and AVI 11002 (207and 414 kPa). The applications were performed during two periods, on days with different wind conditions, in an area with 1,200 m², in the Experimental Farm of the FCA/UNESP. A sprayer with a 12 m boom, 24 nozzles and tank with 600 L was used for the applications. The spray liquid was composed by water and the food dye FDC-1 as a tracer. The spray drift was sampled by active collectors fixed on the spray boom. The minimum, mean and maximum wind velocity values registered in the first and second spraying period were 7, 14 and 23 km h-1 and 1, 5 and 18 km h-1, respectively. The air induction flat fan nozzle AVI 11002 and the hollow cone JA-2 at 655 kPa resulted in the lowest and highest amounts of deposit detected, respectively, for both applications. The higher wind intensity increased the drift. Reductions on the spray pressure can be used to control the drift, but adequate nozzle selection was found to be more important for this purpose

Production characteristics of K0 and light meson resonances in hadronic decays of the Z0

An analysis of inclusive production of K0 and the meson resonances K*±(892), ρ0(770), f0(975) and f2(1270) in hadronic decays of the Z0 is presented, based on about 973,000 multihadronic events collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP during 1991 and 1992. Overall multiplicities have been determined as 1.962±0.060 K0 mesons, 0.712±0.067 K*±(892) and 1.21±0.15ρ0(770) per hadronic Z0 decay. The average multiplicities of f0(975) for scaled momentum, xp, in the range 0.05≤xp≤0.6 and of f2(1270) for 0.05≤xp≤1.0 are 0.098±0.016 and 0.170±0.043 respectively. The f0(975) and ρ0(770)xp-spectra have similar shapes. The f2(1270)/ρ0(770) ratio increases with xp. The average multiplicities and the differential cross sections are compared with the JETSET Parton Shower model. The model with default parameters fails to reproduce the experimental K0 momentum spectrum at low momentum, describes the K*±(892) and ρ0(770)xp-spectrum shapes, but significantly overestimates their production rates. © 1995 Springer-Verlag

Measurements of the τ polarisation in Z0 decays

A sample of Z0→τ+τ- events observed in the DELPHI detector at LEP in 1991 and 1992 is analysed to measure the τ polarisation in the exclusive decay channels {Mathematical expression}, {Mathematical expression}, πν, ρν and a1ν. The τ polarisation is also measured with an inclusive hadronic analysis which benefits from a higher efficiency and a better systematic precision than the use of the exclusive decay modes. The results have been combined with those published on the 1990 data. A measurement of the τ polarisation as a function of production angle yields the values for the mean τ polarisation 〈P〉τ=-0.148±0.022 and for the Z0 polarisation PZ=-0.136±0.027. These results are used to determine the ratio of vector to axial-vector effective couplings for taus {Mathematical expression}, and for electrons {Mathematical expression}, compatible with e-τ universality. With the assumption of lepton universality, the ratio of vector to axial-vector effective couplings for leptons {Mathematical expression} is obtained, implying a value of the effective weak mixing angle sin2θefflept=0.2320±0.0021 . © 1995 Springer-Verlag