On the decorrelation filtering of RL05 GRACE data for global applications

In autumn 2012, the new release 05 (RL05) of monthly geopotencial spherical harmonics Stokes coefficients (SC) from GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission was published. This release reduces the noise in high degree and order SC, but they still need to be filtered. One of the most common filtering processing is the combination of decorrelation and Gaussian filters. Both of them are parameters dependent and must be tuned by the users. Previous studies have analyzed the parameters choice for the RL05 GRACE data for oceanic applications, and for RL04 data for global application. This study updates the latter for RL05 data extending the statistics analysis. The choice of the parameters of the decorrelation filter has been optimized to: (1) balance the noise reduction and the geophysical signal attenuation produced by the filtering process; (2) minimize the differences between GRACE and model-based data; (3) maximize the ratio of variability between continents and oceans. The Gaussian filter has been optimized following the latter criteria. Besides, an anisotropic filter, the fan filter, has been analyzed as an alternative to the Gauss filter, producing better statistics.This work has been partly supported by two Spanish Projects from CGL2010-12153-E and AYA2010-22039-C02-01; and two from Generalitat Valenciana, GV/2013/144 and ACOMP-2013-068

Relation between Temperature and Mortality in Thirteen Spanish Cities

In this study we examined the shape of the association between temperature and mortality in 13 Spanish cities representing a wide range of climatic and socio-demographic conditions. The temperature value linked with minimum mortality (MMT) and the slopes before and after the turning point (MMT) were calculated. Most cities showed a V-shaped temperature-mortality relationship. MMTs were generally higher in cities with warmer climates. Cold and heat effects also depended on climate: effects were greater in hotter cities but lesser in cities with higher variability. The effect of heat was greater than the effect of cold. The effect of cold and MMT was, in general, greater for cardio-respiratory mortality than for total mortality, while the effect of heat was, in general, greater among the elderly

The Short-Term Prediction of Length of Day Using 1D Convolutional Neural Networks (1D CNN)

Accurate Earth orientation parameter (EOP) predictions are needed for many applications, e.g., for the tracking and navigation of interplanetary spacecraft missions. One of the most difficult parameters to forecast is the length of day (LOD), which represents the variation in the Earth’s rotation rate since it is primarily affected by the torques associated with changes in atmospheric circulation. In this study, a new-generation time-series prediction algorithm is developed. The one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN), which is one of the deep learning methods, is introduced to model and predict the LOD using the IERS EOP 14 C04 and axial Z component of the atmospheric angular momentum (AAM), which was taken from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) since it is strongly correlated with the LOD changes. The prediction procedure operates as follows: first, we detrend the LOD and Z-component series using the LS method, then, we obtain the residual series of each one to be used in the 1D CNN prediction algorithm. Finally, we analyze the results before and after introducing the AAM function. The results prove the potential of the proposed method as an optimal algorithm to successfully reconstruct and predict the LOD for up to 7 days.S.B. was partially supported by Generalitat Valenciana (SEJIGENT/2021/001) and the European Union—NextGenerationEU (ZAMBRANO 21-04). J.M. was partially supported by Spanish Projects PID2020-119383GB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and PROMETEO/2021/030 (Generalitat Valenciana)

A new method to improve the prediction of the celestial pole offsets

Knowledge of the Earth’s changing rotation is fundamental to positioning objects in space and on the planet. Nowadays, the Earth’s orientation in space is expressed by five Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP). Many applications in astronomy, geosciences, and space missions require accurate EOP predictions. Operational predictions are released daily by the Rapid Service/Prediction Centre of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). The prediction procedures and performances differ for the three EOP classes: polar motion, rotation angle (UT1-UTC), and the two celestial pole offsets (CPO), dX and dY. The IERS Annual Report 2016 shows Rapid Service CPO predictions errors with respect to IERS 08 C04 observations in 2016 ranging from 120 to 140 μas in 40 days for dX, and 100–160 μas for dY. We test a new method for the CPO prediction based on the recent availability of sophisticated empirical models for the Free Core Nutation, a main component of the CPO variations. We found it allows predicting both CPO with error estimates for the period 2000–2016 lower than the 2016 Rapid Service products, reaching about 85 μas after 40 days and near 90 μas after a year. These results would represent a 35–40% improvement.SB and JF work were partially supported by projects AYA2016–79775-P (AEI/FEDER, UE), APOSTD/2026/079 and ERC-2017-STG SENTIFLEX (755617)

Implementación de metodologías de evaluación continua: aplicación en la asignatura de Cálculo Numérico

La creación del nuevo Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, con los consiguientes cambios en la estructura y contenidos de las titulaciones universitarias, ofrece una gran oportunidad para revisar las metodologías de aprendizaje, estando las metodologías de evaluación continua en una creciente expansión. El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar el efecto que tiene en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes diferentes metodologías de evaluación continua. Para ello, varios tipos de evaluación periódica (entrega de trabajos grupales y/o individuales, exámenes parciales, etc.) han sido puestos en práctica en la asignatura de Cálculo Numérico del último curso de la Licenciatura de Matemáticas y actual Grado de Matemáticas, a lo largo de un total de 14 años académicos en la Universidad de Alicante. En esta comunicación presentaremos las diferentes estrategias de desarrollo de los contenidos de la asignatura así como la forma de evaluación de los mismos. Además, se hará un análisis descriptivo de los resultados obtenidos con las distintas metodologías empleadas y se recogerán propuestas de mejora de cara al próximo curso

Towards Understanding the Interconnection between Celestial Pole Motion and Earth’s Magnetic Field Using Space Geodetic Techniques

The understanding of forced temporal variations in celestial pole motion (CPM) could bring us significantly closer to meeting the accuracy goals pursued by the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), i.e., 1 mm accuracy and 0.1 mm/year stability on global scales in terms of the Earth orientation parameters. Besides astronomical forcing, CPM excitation depends on the processes in the fluid core and the core–mantle boundary. The same processes are responsible for the variations in the geomagnetic field (GMF). Several investigations were conducted during the last decade to find a possible interconnection of GMF changes with the length of day (LOD) variations. However, less attention was paid to the interdependence of the GMF changes and the CPM variations. This study uses the celestial pole offsets (CPO) time series obtained from very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations and data such as spherical harmonic coefficients, geomagnetic jerk, and magnetic field dipole moment from a state-of-the-art geomagnetic field model to explore the correlation between them. In this study, we use wavelet coherence analysis to compute the correspondence between the two non-stationary time series in the time–frequency domain. Our preliminary results reveal interesting common features in the CPM and GMF variations, which show the potential to improve the understanding of the GMF’s contribution to the Earth’s rotation. Special attention is given to the corresponding signal between FCN and GMF and potential time lags between geomagnetic jerks and rotational variations.J.M.F was partially supported by Spanish Projects PID2020-119383GB-I00 (AEI/FEDER, UE) and PROMETEO/2021/030 (Generalitat Valenciana). S.B was supported by the Generalitat Valenciana SEJIGENT program (SEJIGENT/2021/001) and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the ERC2017-STG SENTIFLEX project (Grant Agreement 755617)

Testing a new Free Core Nutation empirical model

The Free Core Nutation (FCN) is a free mode of the Earth's rotation caused by the different material characteristics of the Earth's core and mantle. This causes the rotational axes of those layers to slightly diverge from each other, resulting in a wobble of the Earth's rotation axis comparable to nutations. In this paper we focus on estimating empirical FCN models using the observed nutations derived from the VLBI sessions between 1993 and 2013. Assuming a fixed value for the oscillation period, the time-variable amplitudes and phases are estimated by means of multiple sliding window analyses. The effects of using different a priori Earth Rotation Parameters (ERP) in the derivation of models are also addressed. The optimal choice of the fundamental parameters of the model, namely the window width and step-size of its shift, is searched by performing a thorough experimental analysis using real data. The former analyses lead to the derivation of a model with a temporal resolution higher than the one used in the models currently available, with a sliding window reduced to 400 days and a day-by-day shift. It is shown that this new model increases the accuracy of the modeling of the observed Earth's rotation. Besides, empirical models determined from USNO Finals as a priori ERP present a slightly lower Weighted Root Mean Square (WRMS) of residuals than IERS 08 C04 along the whole period of VLBI observations, according to our computations. The model is also validated through comparisons with other recognized models. The level of agreement among them is satisfactory. Let us remark that our estimates give rise to the lowest residuals and seem to reproduce the FCN signal in more detail.This work has been partly supported by two Spanish Projects from CGL2010-12153-E and AYA2010-22039-C02-01

On the consistency of the current conventional EOP series and the celestial and terrestrial reference frames

Precise transformation between the celestial reference frames (CRF) and terrestrial reference frames (TRF) is needed for many purposes in Earth and space sciences. According to the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) recommendations, the accuracy of positions and stability of reference frames should reach 1 mm and 0.1 mm year−1, and thus, the Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) should be estimated with similar accuracy. Different realizations of TRFs, based on the combination of solutions from four different space geodetic techniques, and CRFs, based on a single technique only (VLBI, Very Long Baseline Interferometry), might cause a slow degradation of the consistency among EOP, CRFs, and TRFs (e.g., because of differences in geometry, orientation and scale) and a misalignment of the current conventional EOP series, IERS 08 C04. We empirically assess the consistency among the conventional reference frames and EOP by analyzing the record of VLBI sessions since 1990 with varied settings to reflect the impact of changing frames or other processing strategies on the EOP estimates. Our tests show that the EOP estimates are insensitive to CRF changes, but sensitive to TRF variations and unmodeled geophysical signals at the GGOS level. The differences between the conventional IERS 08 C04 and other EOP series computed with distinct TRF settings exhibit biases and even non-negligible trends in the cases where no differential rotations should appear, e.g., a drift of about 20 μas year−1in ypol when the VLBI-only frame VTRF2008 is used. Likewise, different strategies on station position modeling originate scatters larger than 150 μas in the terrestrial pole coordinates.SB and JMF work has been partly supported by Spanish grants CGL2010-12153-E, AYA2010-22039-C02-01, AYA2010-22039-C02-02 and APOSTD/2026/079

Expert-based collaborative analysis of the situation and prospects of biomarker test implementation in oncology in Spain

Policy Roadmap; Spain; OncologyHoja de ruta política; España; OncologíaFull de ruta política; Espanya; OncologiaPurpose Biomarkers as screening for precision medicine is a fundamental step. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, to highlight the existing barriers in the implementation of Precision Medicine in Spain, with a special emphasis on barriers in access to the determination of biomarkers. Second, to provide a Roadmap that can help implement Precision Medicine equitably at the national level and optimize the use of biomarkers. Methods A systematic review of literature (SRL) and a focus group (FG) with multidisciplinary experts has been carried out in 2023. Participants were contacted individually, and discourse analysis was processed anonymously. Results We carried out a quantitative (SRL) and a qualitative approach (FG). The discourse analysis and roadmap were sent individually to each expert for approval. Conclusions The potential of Precision Medicine has not been fulfilled in Spain. While several regional initiatives are in place, a national plan or strategy around Precision Medicine and use of biomarkers is lacking. In a general context of rapid progress at a global and European level, including the 2021 Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan, it is time to define and implement a National Plan to make the promise come true. While some comparable countries within Europe – such as the UK or France – are mature enough to adopt such strategies, in Spain there is still a long way to go. We consider that the different strands of work outlined in the Roadmap can be used as basis for such purpose.This project has been funded with an unrestricted educational grant from Janssen

Development of Sustainable and Cost-Competitive Injection-Molded Pieces of Partially Bio-Based Polyethylene Terephthalate through the Valorization of Cotton Textile Waste

[EN] This study presents the valorization of cotton waste from the textile industry for the development of sustainable and cost-competitive biopolymer composites. The as-received linter of recycled cotton was first chopped to obtain short fibers, called recycled cotton fibers (RCFs), which were thereafter melt-compounded in a twin-screw extruder with partially bio-based polyethylene terephthalate (bio-PET) and shaped into pieces by injection molding. It was observed that the incorporation of RCF, in the 1¿10 wt% range, successfully increased rigidity and hardness of bio-PET. However, particularly at the highest fiber contents, the ductility and toughness of the pieces were considerably impaired due to the poor interfacial adhesion of the fibers to the biopolyester matrix. Interestingly, RCF acted as an effective nucleating agent for the bio-PET crystallization and it also increased thermal resistance. In addition, the overall dimensional stability of the pieces was improved as a function of the fiber loading. Therefore, bio-PET pieces containing 3¿5 wt% RCF presented very balanced properties in terms of mechanical strength, toughness, and thermal resistance. The resultant biopolymer composite pieces can be of interest in rigid food packaging and related applications, contributing positively to the optimization of the integrated biorefinery system design and also to the valorization of textile wastes.This research was supported by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (MICIU) through the AGL2015-63855-C2-1-R and MAT2017-84909-C2-2-R program numbers. L.Q.-C. wants to thank the Generalitat Valenciana (GVA) for his FPI grant (ACIF/2016/182) and the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports (MECD) for his FPU grant (FPU15/03812). 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