Analisis Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Dan Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Batang Bawang Laut (Proiphys Amboinensis (L.) Herb.)

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai analisis senyawa metabolit sekunder dan uji toksisitas pada batang tanaman bawang laut (Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb.) Analisis senyawa metabolit sekunder dilakukan dengan skrining fitokimia untuk senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, saponin dan tanin pada ekstrak batang tanaman bawang laut segar dan kering dan selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-VIS. Penentuan toksisitas ekstrak batang tanaman bawang laut menggunakan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) dengan hewan uji Artemia salina Leach sebagai bioindikator. Pada skrining fitokimia diperoleh flavonoid dan steroid positif sedangkan alkaloid, saponin triterpenoid dan tanin negatif. Analisis spektofotometer UV-VIS ekstrak etanol menunjukkan puncak serapan pada 304,40 dan 284,50 nm. Data pengujian toksisitas diperoleh dari analisis Lethality Concentration 50 (LC50) yang dilakukan dengan metode probit menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS 20. Hasil uji toksisitas ekstrak batang tanaman bawang laut menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak segar maupun kering bersifat sangat toksik dengan nilai LC50 kurang dari 30 ppm, yaitu: 9,978 ppm untuk batang kering dan 3,980 ppm untuk batang segar.A research has been done on the analysis of secondary metabolites and toxicity examination on the stems of the sea onion (Proiphys amboinensis (L.) Herb.). Analysis of secondary metabolites carried out with the phytochemical screening for alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins in extracts of fresh and dried stems of the sea onion, then analyzed using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The toxicity determination of stems extract of the sea onion plant was done by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) with Artemia salina Leach as bioindicator. Phytochemical screening showed positive test for flavonoids and steroids while alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, and tannins were negative. UV-VIS spectrophotometer analysis on ethanol extract showed peaks at 304,40 and 284,50 nm. Data of the toxicity examination was obtained from the analysis of Lethality Concentration 50 (LC50) which were performed with the probit method using SPSS 20. Results of toxicity examination of sea onion stems extract showed that fresh or dried extract are very toxic with LC50 values ​​of less than 30 ppm, namely: 9,978 ppm for fresh stems and 3,980 ppm for dried stems

Analisis Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Dan Uji Toksisitas Ekstrak Etanol Batang Tanaman Patah Tulang (Euphorbia Tirucalli L.) Dengan Metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (Bslt)

Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai analisis senyawa metabolit sekunder dan uji toksisitas pada batang tanaman Patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.). Analisis senyawa metabolit sekunder dilakukan dengan skrining fitokimia yaitu senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, saponin dan tanin pada ekstrak segar dan kering batang tanaman Patah tulang. Penentuan toksisitas ekstrak etanol batang tanaman Patah tulang menggunakan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Uji toksisitas digunakan hewan uji Artemia salina Leach sebagai bioindikator. Pada skrining fitokimia diperoleh positif flavonoid, tanin dan steroid sedangkan alkaloid, saponin dan triterpenoid negatif. Data pengujian toksisitas diperoleh dari analisis Lethality Concentration 50 (LC50) yang dilakukan dengan metode probit menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS 20.0 (untuk sistem operasi Windows). Hasil uji toksisitas ekstrak etanol batang Patah tulang menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak segar maupun kering bersifat sitotoksik dengan nilai LC50 (7,994ppm) untuk ekstrak etanol batang segar dan LC50 (9,940ppm) untuk ekstrak etanol batang kering. Kata kunci : Euphorbia tirucalli L., Senyawa metabolit sekunder, Toksisitas, Artemia salina Leach, LC50. ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITE COMPOUNDS AND TOXICITY TEST OF STEM PLANT ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF PATAH TULANG (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) BY BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST'S METHOD (BSLT

Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Tanaman Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antiinflamasi ekstrak etanol tanaman patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) terhadap udem yang ditimbulkan oleh karagenan pada telapak kaki tikus. Ekstrak etanol tanaman patah tulang dibuat dengan teknik maserasi selama 24 jam menggunakan pelarut etanol 80%. Pengujian dilakukan dengan metode induksi karagenan menggunakan hewan uji tikus putih jantan galur wistar sebanyak 15 ekor dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok pertama sebagai kontrol negatif dengan pemberian Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) 1%, kelompok kedua sebagai kontrol positif diberikan Natrium Diklofenak, kelompok ketiga diberi ekstrak etanol tanaman patah tulang dosis 5%, kelompok keempat dan kelima diberi ekstrak etanol tanaman patah tulang dengan dosis 10% dan dosis 15%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antiinflamasi pada pemberian ekstrak etanol tanaman patah tulang dosis 5%, dosis 10% dan dosis 15% karena setara dengan kontrol positif dan berbeda dengan kontrol negatif. Dosis yang paling baik dalam penghambatan radang adalah dosis 10% yang ditinjau dari pengukuran volume udem, persen volume dan persen inhibisi udem.This study was aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts of patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) plant against edema caused by carrageenan in the soles of rat feet. Ethanol extract of patah tulang plant was obtained by maceration for 24 hours using ethanol 80%. The test was carried out by carrageenan induction method using 15 white wistar male rats divided into 5 treatment groups. The first group as a negative control was given 1% Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC), the second group as a positive control was given dichlophenac sodium, and the third, fourth and fifth groups were given ethanol extracts of 5%, 10% and 15%, respectively The results showed anti-inflammatory activity in ethanol extracts of patah tulang plants at 5%, 10% and 15% because they were equivalent to positive control and different from negative control. The best dose for inflammation inhibition was the 10% dose in terms of edema voleme, percent volume and percent inhibition of edema

Postmodern Multiplicity and Transnationl Feminism in the Good Muslim, Burnt Shadows and the Low Land

This paper explores a wide range of issues that intersect with the lived experiences of the woman. The contemporary paradigm of transnational feminism locates the woman’s positioning from a global perspective. It is to understand how modern day context of imperialism and colonialism affect the authenticities of women living in different places. For this purpose, contest mainstream representations of the non-Western woman in Western discourses, the transnational feminist campaigns to recognize inequalities across different groups of women worldwide. It is essential to realize that the movement, as are the women’s realities, is not uniform. The presentation of female experiences in fictional works by, Kamila Shamsie, Jhumpa Lahiri and Tahmima Anam explore diverse and unavoidable themes of migration, diaspora, national and religious interventions, and patriarchal oppression etc. elements that are fundamental in shaping the women‘s lives. This research adopts the transnational lens in examining novels The Lowland, Burnt Shadows and The Good Muslim to investigate the South Asian moments of differences in women’s unique experiences. Theories presented by Grewal and Kaplan support this study as a central theoretical framework in this qualitative research. It is through these experiences do we anticipate a subversion of the solidarity assumed by dominant discourses

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Postmodern Multiplicity and Transnationl Feminism in the Good Muslim, Burnt Shadows and the Low Land

This paper explores a wide range of issues that intersect with the lived experiences of the woman. The contemporary paradigm of transnational feminism locates the woman’s positioning from a global perspective. It is to understand how modern day context of imperialism and colonialism affect the authenticities of women living in different places. For this purpose, contest mainstream representations of the non-Western woman in Western discourses, the transnational feminist campaigns to recognize inequalities across different groups of women worldwide. It is essential to realize that the movement, as are the women’s realities, is not uniform. The presentation of female experiences in fictional works by, Kamila Shamsie, Jhumpa Lahiri and Tahmima Anam explore diverse and unavoidable themes of migration, diaspora, national and religious interventions, and patriarchal oppression etc. elements that are fundamental in shaping the women‘s lives. This research adopts the transnational lens in examining novels The Lowland, Burnt Shadows and The Good Muslim to investigate the South Asian moments of differences in women’s unique experiences. Theories presented by Grewal and Kaplan support this study as a central theoretical framework in this qualitative research. It is through these experiences do we anticipate a subversion of the solidarity assumed by dominant discourses

Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of fetal anomalies: a blinded caseâ control study

ObjectivesTo compare the accuracy of twoâ dimensional ultrasound (2Dâ US), threeâ dimensional ultrasound (3Dâ US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of congenital anomalies without prior knowledge of indications and previous imaging findings.MethodsThis was a prospective, blinded caseâ control study comprising women with a singleton pregnancy with fetal congenital abnormalities identified on clinical ultrasound and those with an uncomplicated pregnancy. All women volunteered to undergo 2Dâ US, 3Dâ US and MRI, which were performed at one institution. Different examiners at a collaborating institution performed image interpretation. Sensitivity and specificity of the three imaging methods were calculated for individual anomalies, based on postnatal imaging and/or autopsy as the definitive diagnosis. Diagnostic confidence was graded on a fourâ point Likert scale.ResultsA total of 157 singleton pregnancies were enrolled, however nine cases were excluded owing to incomplete outcome, resulting in 148 fetuses (58 cases and 90 controls) included in the final analysis. Among cases, 13 (22.4%) had central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, 40 (69.0%) had nonâ CNS anomalies and five (8.6%) had both CNS and nonâ CNS anomalies. The main findings were: (1) MRI was more sensitive than 3Dâ US for diagnosing CNS anomalies (MRI, 88.9% (16/18) vs 3Dâ US, 66.7% (12/18) vs 2Dâ US, 72.2% (13/18); McNemar’s test for MRI vs 3Dâ US: Pâ =â 0.046); (2) MRI provided additional information affecting prognosis and/or counseling in 22.2% (4/18) of fetuses with CNS anomalies; (3) 2Dâ US, 3Dâ US and MRI had similar sensitivity for diagnosing nonâ CNS anomalies; (4) specificity for all anomalies was highest for 3Dâ US (MRI, 85.6% (77/90) vs 3Dâ US, 94.4% (85/90) vs 2Dâ US, 92.2% (83/90); McNemar’s test for MRI vs 3Dâ US: Pâ =â 0.03); and (5) the confidence of MRI for ruling out certain CNS abnormalities (usually questionable for cortical dysplasias or hemorrhage) that were not confirmed after delivery was lower than it was for 2Dâ US and 3Dâ US.ConclusionsMRI was more sensitive than ultrasonography and provided additional information that changed prognosis, counseling or management in 22.2% of fetuses with CNS anomalies. Falseâ positive diagnoses for subtle CNS findings were higher with MRI than with ultrasonography. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/133537/1/uog15774.pd