The Language Maintenance of Mother Tongue in Tourism Area, Ubud

This study entitled "The Language Maintenance of Mother Tongue in Tourism Area, Ubud". The background of this study is departed from having seen the phenomenon of a rapid tourism development in Ubud. The arrival of tourists, both domestics and foreigners, would have an impact on the interaction be-tween tourists and local communities. The interaction is not merely the culture, but also in terms of commu-nication of how the language is being used. The use of language in daily communication is definitely become an interesting aspect to be discussed because Ubud is known as a multicultural region; some people may think that Ubud is a bule village similar to Kuta. The objective of this study is to determine whether mother tongue is still being used in Ubud, Gian-yar or had it replaced by the foreign language. In addition, this research conducted to find out the strategies used by the people of Ubud to maintain the sustainability of mother-tongue language in the region. The method used for this research is a field research. The research conducted by a non-participatory observation; researchers act to make observations and not directly involved in the interaction at the time of the study. Research techniques that used are documentations, records and depth interviews. The results ana-lyzed by approach which was proposed by Fasold (1972). It is also supported by Fishman's approach; both concern with language maintenance. The interview results are expected to answer strategies used by speakers of the local community in preserving the language. The presentation of the data described in qualitative de-scriptive method. Keywords: Language Maintenance, mother tongue, Tourism area, Ubu

The infimum, supremum and geodesic length of a braid conjugacy class

Algorithmic solutions to the conjugacy problem in the braid groups B_n were given by Elrifai-Morton in 1994 and by the authors in 1998. Both solutions yield two conjugacy class invariants which are known as `inf' and `sup'. A problem which was left unsolved in both papers was the number m of times one must `cycle' (resp. `decycle') in order to increase inf (resp. decrease sup) or to be sure that it is already maximal (resp. minimal) for the given conjugacy class. Our main result is to prove that m is bounded above by n-2 in the situation of the second algorithm and by ((n^2-n)/2)-1 in the situation of the first. As a corollary, we show that the computation of inf and sup is polynomial in both word length and braid index, in both algorithms. The integers inf and sup determine (but are not determined by) the shortest geodesic length for elements in a conjugacy class, as defined by Charney, and so we also obtain a polynomial-time algorithm for computing this geodesic length.Comment: 15 pages. Journa

Immune-system inspired approach for decentralized multi-agent control

This paper contains the first steps towards the development of a fully decentralized system framework. The novel approach that has been taken is derived from the inherent properties of the immune system. An assessment of the proposed control architecture has been performed by comparison with a more typical approach under a search and suppress kind of mission for an unmanned fleet

Properties of the one-dimensional Hubbard model: cellular dynamical mean-field description

The one-dimensional half-filled Hubbard model is considered at zero temperature within the cellular dynamical mean-field theory (CDMFT). By the computation of the spectral gap and the energy density with various cluster and bath sizes we examine the accuracy of the CDMFT in a systematic way, which proves the accurate description of the one-dimensional systems by the CDMFT with small clusters. We also calculate the spectral weights in a full range of the momentum for various interaction strengths. The results do not only account for the spin-charge separation, but they also reproduce all the features of the Bethe ansatz dispersions, implying that the CDMFT provides an excellent description of the spectral properties of low-dimensional interacting systems.Comment: J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, in pres