Comparative Study of PWM Control and PI Control of Induction Motor

The induction motor is without doubt the most used electrical motor because of its unique characteristics.  Most of its applications need fast and intelligent speed control system. This paper presents comparison of the intelligent and advanced speed control methods based on PWM technique and PI controller to achieve maximum torque and efficiency.  Simulation is carried out in MATLAB environment and results are investigated for speed control of induction motor without any controller and with PI controller on full load condition

Observational study for the functional outcome of humerus shaft fractures treated with plating versus nailing

Background: Fractures of the humerus diaphysis comprise approximately 3% of all fractures. It’s treatment has mainly been conservative in the past but is not well tolerated by the patient now a days. Also, all humerus shaft fractures are not amenable to conservative methods. Operative interventions like dynamic compression plating and intramedullary nailing are associated with better functional outcome. There has been a lot of debate on which of the above two surgical methods is better for management of humeral shaft fractures to ensure better functional outcome and lesser complication rate. Objective were to compare the results of the plating and nailing in the treatment of humerus shaft with reference to A) functional outcome and B) complications and their management.Methods: All patients with fracture of humeral shaft presenting to the department of orthopaedics, MMIMSR, during the study period and that met our criteria were included in the study. Out of total 30 patients, 15 were randomly selected for intramedullary nailing and 15 for plating. Postoperatively, these patients were followed up for 6 months and relevant data was collected. Time taken for union, post operative complications rate and final functional outcome were then compared in the two groups. Study design was observational study.Results: It was observed that most of the patient that sustained humeral shaft fractures were 18-40 years of age. Post-operatively, fractures treated by plating united earlier, had lesser complications and significantly better functional outcome compared to nailing.Conclusions: We concluded that plating is a better method and more acceptable to patients as compare to intramedullary nailing for the treatment of fractures shaft humerus, as it is associated with better functional outcome, earlier union of fracture and lesser complication rate

Surveillance Method for Surgical Site Infection

ABSTRACT Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is the third most commonly reported Nosocomial infection and accounts for 14-16% of all Nosocomial infections among hospital inpatients. The morbidity, mortality and the cost to health services of surgical site infections is huge. In addition, many workers have shown that feedback of appropriate data to surgeons has been an indispensable component of strategies to reduce SSI rates. The elements essential for a successful programmed of prevention of SSIs include intensive surveillance, infection control activities and regular feedback of SSI rates to surgeons. Surveillance with information feedback to surgeons and other medical staff has been shown to be an important element in the overall strategy to reduce the numbers of SSIs. Despite the apparent effectiveness in lowering SSI rates when surgeons receive feedback, however, there has been no consensus on which surveillance methods are best for collecting data on SSIs. A successful SSI surveillance program should include standardized definitions of infection, effective surveillance methods and stratification of the SSI rates according to risk factors associated with the development of SSI. For many years wound contamination class was the only factor that was well described for predicting the risk for SSI. During the Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC) Project, an index was developed that provided a better assessment of the risk of SSIs than had the traditional wound classification system. In 1991, a modification of the SENIC risk index by Culver et al. led to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System risk index. This review examines the best surveillance method for surgical site infection

Empyema thoracis in children: Still a challenge in developing countries

Background: To evaluate the effectiveness of surgical intervention in managing empyema thoracis in children. Patients and Methods: A total of 70 patients aged 1-14 years diagnosed to have empyema thoracis and who underwent tube thoracostomy from January 2010 to December 2013 were studied. All patients of which 12 patients needed decortication. Results: The mean age of the study group was 5.44 years and 48.6% were male and 51.4% were female. The most common symptoms at admission were fever (90%), dyspnoea (73%), cough (70%) and chest pain (23%). Pleural fluid cultures were sterile in 60% of patients. The most frequently identified micro-organisms was Staphylococcus aureus (34.2%). Treatment with chest tube drainage was successful in 55 (78.6%) patients. Three patients got expired. Twelve patients had decortications, all of which were successful. The lung re-expansion time was 8.00 ± 1.68 days (range: 5-13 days) in those patients in whom chest tube drainage was successful, whereas it was 7.50 ± 2.623 days (range: 4-14 days) in patients in whom decortication was done. The post-procedure stay was 10.00 ± 1.809 days (range: 7-15 days) in patients with successful chest tube drainage and 9.5 ± 2.902 days (range: 6-17 days) in case of decortication cases. Conclusion: Tube thoracostomy should be done in all cases of empyema thoracis regardless of stage, as this leads to reduction in septic load. Decision of decortication should be taken without any delay