USE OF CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) COMPOSITE WASTE GLASS FOR NUCLEAR SHIELD TILES

This research is aimed at producing radiation shield tiles from cathode ray tube waste glass, borosilicate waste glassand soda lime silicate waste glass. The waste glasses were sourced for and crushed to powder. The powder wassieved through a 0.25 mm sieved with mesh number 60 and analysed using XRF spectrometer to ascertain theirchemical constituents. Twenty-one samples were generated using a 21-point triaxial blend of the three wasteglasses. The various samples were poured into moulds, fired in an electric furnace at 1000oC and soaked for anhour. Radiation shielding test using a radioactive source (cobalt 60) was carried out. The radiation shielding testsshows that sample 1 which comprises of 100% CRT had the highest radiation shielding ability with 0.178 cm-1linear attenuation coefficient and sample 21 which is made up of 100% soda lime silicate glass had the leastradiation shielding ability with 0.109 cm-1 linear attenuation coefficient.According to the 49th NCRP report,conventional tiles HVL for 60-Co gamma is 6.2 cm; whereas HVL for the RST in this work ranges between 3.8-6.3cm which shows that the RST is within the range of offering a good radiation protection. The results obtained in thisstudy showed that the radiation shielding tiles developed can be used as wall tiles in nuclear power facilities andmedical X-ray systems

Evaluation of Selected Cowpea Lines and Cultivars for Inherent Resistance against Cowpea Seed Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae)

Four cowpea lines (IT99K-494-6, IT97K-390-2, IT84S-2246-4 and IT06K-141) obtained from the Genetic Resources Centre, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan Nigeria, one cultivar (Ife Brown) obtained from Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Obafemi Awolowo University, Ibadan and two cultivars (Drum and Oloyin) obtained from Wazobia Market, Ogbomoso, Nigeria were screened for comparative susceptibility to the infestation of cowpea seed bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus. The number of eggs laid on IT99K-494-6 (20.05) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than the number laid on all the local cultivars (56.33-78.83). First filial progeny emergence (0.71) observed in IT99K-494-6 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than 2.06 and 1.65 observed in Ife Brown and Drum cowpea cultivars, respectively. Percentage seed damage for 1T99k-49-6 (10.14) was significantly lower than the value obtained in 1T06K-141 (49.93) and Drum (47.74). Alkaloids content was significantly higher in IT06K–141 (31.67 mg/100 g) than in other lines and cultivars. Oloyin had the highest flavonoid (51.7 mg/100 g), tannins (43.3 mg/100 g) whereas 1T84S-2246-4 had the highest saponins (61.7 mg/100 g) Drum had the highest terpenoid (33.33 mg/100 g). Steroid was highest in Oloyin and 1T84S-2246-4 (11.67 mg/100 g). Reducing sugar was highest in Oloyin (5.33 mg/100 g) followed by 1T84S-2246–4 (4.3 mg/100 g) and IT06K–141 (4.0 mg/100 g). Significant and positive relationship exists between saponins content and the number of grains without exit holes (r = 0.46, p = 0.04), suggesting that high saponins was contributory to cowpea host plant resistance to the cowpea seed bruchid, C. maculatus. Keywords: cowpea cultivars, Drum, Oloyin, host plant resistanc

Control of wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in post harvest honey comb

An experiment was carried out in the laboratory to control the infestation of larger wax moth, Galleria mellonella, after honey extraction. Different quantities of salt in water and hermetic storage were used as methods of controlling the larvae. A treatment containing Aluminium phosphide tablet was incorporated as a chemical method of control and the treated honeycomb samples were stored for two month. Of all the treatments used, the hermetic storage and Aluminium phosphide had the best result in that the comb retained their freshness post two months storage. The number of emerged moth in opened untreated control (61.00) was higher than other treatments but significantly higher than the number of emerged moth observed in salt- treated comb in opened containers. Wax and slum gum weight were not significantly affected by the treatments. Hermetic storage is therefore recommended as a better method of controlling wax moth in honeycomb after the extraction of honey than Aluminium phosphide, due to the possibility of residue of Aluminium phosphide in the treated honeycomb. Key words: Honeycomb, Galleria mellonella, salt, hermetic storage, Aluminium phosphide, bee wax, wax moth contro

Combinations of spintor with botanical powders as toxicants against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Postharvest insect pests constitute major threats to food security because they cause qualitative and quantitative damage to agricultural produce. Therefore, eco-friendly and cost-effective measures should be used for their management. In this study, five botanical powders ( Trema orientalis and Crataeva religiosa leaves; and Citrus tangelo, Citrus maxima and Citrus aurantifolia peels) were admixed with Spintor® [1.25 active ingredient (a.i.) mg · kg –1] and evaluated as toxicants against Tribolium castaneum. Each botanical powder and spintor was solely applied at 1000 mg · kg –1 millet seeds. Spintor-botanical powder mixtures admixed at a ratio of 1 : 1 (w/w) were applied at 500 and 1000 mg · kg –1, corresponding to 0.313 and 0.625 a. i. mg · kg –1 for spintor in the mixtures, respectively. On the 14th day of exposure, the Citrus species admixed with spintor and applied at 500 mg · kg –1 evoked significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentage mortality (72.22–90.28%) than what was observed in the mixture of spintor with T. orientalis (22.08%) or the mixture of spintor with C. religosa (17.92%) applied at 500 mg · kg –1. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the treatments against the insects. The time required to kill 50% of the assayed insects (LT50) when Citrus species were admixed with spintor at 500 mg · kg –1 (10 days) was shorter than 14 days observed in the mixture of spintor with T. orientalis or C. religiosa. Therefore, admixing spintor with any of the Citrus powders [at 1 : 1 (w/w)] applied at 500 mg · kg –1 seed is recommended for the protection of millet seeds against T. castaneum.

Comparative sensitivity of maize weevil to essential oil of Hoslundia opposita Vahl leaves subjected to different drying regimes

Received: 2016-06-11 | Accepted: 2016-07-28 | Available online: 2017-09-30http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.03.54-59Botanical essential oils (EOs) are effective alternatives to over-dependence on synthetic insecticides in stored product protection. However, the burden of handling bulky fresh botanicals needed for EO extraction and the tendency of the freshly harvested botanical to rot in transit, if wrongly handled, can be bottlenecks to pilot scale application of EO. Therefore, this study evaluates the comparative efficacy of the EOs obtained from freshly harvested Hoslundia opposita Vahl (Lamiaceae) and plants exposed to different shade-drying regimes (1-5 days) against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, under laboratory conditions. Evaluation included fumigant toxicity and repellence bioassays. At 2 hours after exposure (HAE), EO of freshly harvested H. opposita leaves caused significantly (P < 0.001) lower mortality (53.30 %) than the value observed in H. opposita leaves dried for 5 days (90.00 %). The lethal time for 90.00 % of the weevils (LT90) obtained in EO from H. opposita leaves dried for 5 days (2.00 h) was significantly lower than 2.80 and 7.14 h obtained in EOs from the fresh and 1 day-dried leaves, respectively. At 1 HAE, EOs obtained from H. opposita leaves dried for 4 and 5 days caused 60.00 % repellence which was significantly higher than 20.00 % observed in fresh leaves. At 2 HAE, EOs obtained from H. opposita dried for 4 and 5 days caused significantly higher repellence (100.00 and 80.00 %, respectively) than what was observed in fresh leaves (70.00 %). The results imply that shade drying freshly harvested H. opposita leaves has no deleterious effects on the efficacy of its EO against maize weevil.Keywords: bird gooseberry, botanical essential oils, drying regimes, Hoslundia opposita Vahl., insecticidal, maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais MotschulskyReferences AGAH, M. and NAJAFIAN, S. (2012) Essential oil content and composition of Lippa citriodora as affected by drying method before flowering stages. In European Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 2, no 5, pp 1771-1777.ARABHOSSEINI, A. et al. (2006) Loss of essential oil of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) due to drying. In Journal of the  Scence of Food and Agriculture, vol. 86, pp 2543-2550. doi:http://dx.http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2641BABARINDE G. O., BABARINDE S. A. and OGUNSOLA S. O. (2013a) Effect of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 1855) infestation on the quality of three commercial pastas. In Food Science and Quality Management, vol. 21, pp 1-11.BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2013b) Effect of the prevalent insect species of yam chips on consumers’ acceptability of yam paste. Agriculturae Tropica Subtropica, vol. 46, no. 3, pp 97-101. doi: https://dx.http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2013-0017BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2008a) Potential of Tithonia diversifolia with Pirimiphos-methyl in control of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). In African Journal of  Plant Science and  Biotechnology, vol. 2 no. 2, pp 77–80.BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2015) First report of toxicity of Xylopia parviflora (A. Rich.) Benth (Annonaceae) root bark's essential oil against cowpea seed bruchid, Callososbruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). In Natural Product Reearch, vol. 29 no. 4, pp 349-352. doi:http://dx.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.940943BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2017a) Chemical  composition of the  essential  oil of Nigeria  grown Hoslundia opposita VAHL  (Lamiaceae)  dried leaves  and  its bioactivity against  cowpea  Seed  Bruchid. In Chemistry and Biodiversity, vol.14, (In Press). doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600418BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2017b) Insectifugal and insecticidal potentials of two tropical botanical essential oils against cowpea seed bruchid. In Environmental Science and Pollution Research (In Press). doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9589-xBABARINDE S. A., SOSINA A. and OYEYIOLA E. I. (2008b) Susceptibility of selected crop in storage to Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky in southwestern Nigeria. In Journal of  Plant Protection Research, vol.  48, no. 4, pp 541-550.BABARINDE S. A. et al. (2014) Toxicity and repellence of Hoslundia opposita Vahl (Lamiaceae) leaves’ essential oil against rust-red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). In Natural Product Reearch, vol. 28, no. 6,  pp 361-371. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.866115BOUGHERRA H. H. et al. (2015) Pistacia lentiscus essential oil has repellent effect against three major insect pests of pasta. In Industrial Crops and Products,vol. 63, pp 249-255. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.09.048CONTI B. et al. (2010) Repellence of essential oils from tropical and Mediterranean Lamiaceae against Sitophilus zeamais. In Bulletin of Insectology, vol 63, no. 2, pp 197-202.HANAA, A. R. M. et al. (2012) Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil as affected by drying methods. In Annals of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 57 no. 2, pp 113-116. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2012.08.004HERRERA J. M. et al. (2014) Fumigant toxicity from five essential oils rich in ketones against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky). In Agriscientia, vol. 31, no. 1, pp 35-41.KHALID K. A., HU W. and CAI W. (2008) The effects of harvesting and different drying methods on the essential oil composition of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.). In Journal of Essential Oil Beaing Plants, vol. 11, no. 4, pp 342-349. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2008.10643639KHANGHOLI S. P. and REZAEINODEHI A. (2008) Effect of drying temperature on essential oil content and composition of Sweet Wonnwood (Artemisia annua) growing wild in Iran. In Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 11, no. 6, pp 934-937.Lira C. S. et al. (2015) Evaluation of the toxicity of essential oil from Alpinia purpurata inflorescences to Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevil). In Crop Protection, vol. 71, pp 95-100. Doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.02.004MAHESWARAN R. and IGNACIMUTHU S. (2013) Bioefficacy of essential oil from Polygonum hydropiper L. against mosquitoes, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. In Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.  97 no. 1, pp 26-31. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.06.028MOHARRAMIPOUR S. and NEGAHBAN M. (2014) Plant essential oils and pest management. In: SAHAYARAJ, K. (ed): Basic and applied aspects of biopesticides. New Delhi: Springer, India. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1877-7-7OMIDBAIGI R., SEFIDKON F. and KAZEMI F. (2004) Influence of drying methods on the essential oil content and composition of Roman chamomile. In Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol. 19, no. 3, pp 196-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1340       PIMIENTA-RAMÍREZ L. et al. (2016) Chemical composition and evaluation of the essential oil from Eupatorium glabratum as biopesticide against Sitophilus zeamais and several stored maize fungi. In Journal of Essential Oil Research,  vol. 28, no. 2, pp 113-120. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2015.1093969RAHIMMALEK M. and GOLI S. A. H. (2013) Evaluation of six drying treatments with respect to essential oil  yield, composition and color characteristics of Thymys daenensis subsp. daenensis. Celak leaves. In Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 42, pp 613-619. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.06.012SANTOS A. C. V. et al. (2015) Use of plant oils from the southwestern Amazon for the control of maize weevil. In Journal of Stored Product Research, vol. 63, pp 67-70.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2015.07.002SELLAMI I. H.. et al.. (2011). Qualitative and quantitative changes in the essential oil of Laurus nobilis L. leaves as affected by different drying methods. In Food Chemistry, vol. 126, no. 2, pp 691-697. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.022SHAHHOSEINI R.et al. (2013) The effect of different drying methods on the content and chemical composition of essential oil of Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora).  In Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Pants, vol. 16, No. 4, pp 474–81. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.813270SPSS. (2006) Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Version 15.0 for Windows.TELES S. et al. (2013). Effect of geographical origin on the essential oil content and composition of fresh and dried Mentha villosa Hudson leaves. In Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 46, no. 1;  pp 1-7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.009  USMAN L. A. et al. ( 2016) Phytochemical profile and insecticidal activity of essential oil from fresh and dried leaves of the Nigerian grown Citrus meyeri.  In Journal of Turkish Chemical Society (Section A), vol. 3, no. 2, pp 207-218. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.0933

Preservation of Smoked African Catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell against Dermestes maculatus De Geer (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) using Neem Seed Oil-iodized Salt Mixtures

Dermestes maculatus is a major fish pest causing serious damage when left uncontrolled. This work identifies the fatty acids of Nigeria-obtained neem seed oil (NSO) and the potential of different mixtures of the NSO and iodized salt in the control of the pest. Seven fatty acids: palmitic acid (18.09%), linoleic acid (33.73%), stearic acid (14.37%), oleic acid (13.4%), octadecanoic acid (12.93%), 9, 12–octadecadienoic acid (1.47%) and arachidic acid (3.33%) were identified in the NSO. Percentage of D. maculatus adu1t mortality (100%) observed in fish treated with 0.00 μl NSO + 0.50 mg salt, 100 μl NSO + 0.125 mg salt and 0.00 μl NSO + 0.25 mg salt was significantly (p<0.05) different from mortality observed in untreated fish (31.25%). Percentage of live larvae (0.0%) in fish treated with 0.50 mg salt + 0.00 μl NSO, 100 μl NSO + 0.125 mg salt, 0.00 μ1 NSO + 0.25 mg salt and 50 μl NSO + 0.125 mg salt was lower than 63.97% observed in the control. Percentage of weight loss of untreated (75.10%) and 50 μl NSO-treated fish (69.65%) was significantly higher than values obtained from fish treated with 0.5 mg salt (26.93%), 100 μ1 NSO + 0.125 mg salt (25.73%) and 0.25 mg salt (23.63%). Application of NSO-iodized salt did not change the colour and odour of treated fish. Consumers significantly rejected fish treated with ≥ 50 μl NSO

A qualitative look at bed net access and use in Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Rwanda following piloted distributions of dual-active ingredient insecticide-treated nets

Background: Universal coverage with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is important for malaria control and elimination. The emergence and intensification of insecticide resistance threatens progress made through the deployment of these interventions and has required the development of newer, more expensive ITN types. Understanding malaria prevention behaviour, including barriers and facilitators to net access and use, can support effective decision-making for the promotion and distribution of ITNs. Methods: In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in 3 to 4 villages per district, in 13 districts across Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Nigeria and Rwanda from 2019 to 2022. Interviews were conducted in the local language, translated and transcribed in English, French or Portuguese. Transcripts were coded and analysed using Nvivo and ATLAS.ti. Results: ITNs were obtained from mass distribution campaigns, antenatal care and immunization visits, and purchased on the private market in some locations. While there were divergent perspectives in whether the number of distributed nets were adequate, participants consistently expressed concerns of bias, discrimination, and a lack of transparency with the distribution process. ITNs were frequently used alongside other malaria prevention methods. The primary motivation for use was malaria prevention. While some participants reported using nets nightly throughout the year, other participants reported seasonal use, both due to the perceived higher density of mosquitoes and discomfort of sleeping under a net in the increased heat. Other barriers to consistent net use included activities that take place away from the home, sleeping patterns and arrangements, and sensitivity to the insecticides on the nets. Conclusions: ITNs remain an important malaria control intervention. To ensure adequate and increased net access, distribution campaigns should consider family structures, available sleeping spaces, and other bed sharing preferences when identifying the number of nets needed for distribution. In addition, campaigns should allow for multiple options for net distribution points and timing to accommodate households remote to health services. Continuous distribution channels and complimentary distribution through the private sector could help fill gaps in coverage. Solutions are needed for outdoor malaria transmission, including alternative designs for ITNs, and improving access to complementary personal protective measures

Effect of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 1855) infestation on the quality of three commercial pastas

The effect of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky 1855) infestation was evaluated on three pastas under laboratory conditions of 32±2°C temperature and 67±3% relative humidity. Macaroni suffered the highest quantitative loss with the highest number (62) of emerged adults at 2 months after infestation (MAI). However, the highest number (90) of insect at 4 MAI seen in spaghetti was significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher than 29 observed in noodles. Macaroni had the significantly (P&lt;0.05) lowest final weight (13 g) at 4 MAI. Proximate analysis at 4 MAI revealed that noodles had the highest carbohydrate, dry matter, fibre, crude fat and ash which were significantly higher (P&lt;0.0001) than spaghetti and macaroni. Spaghetti had the highest crude protein which was significantly higher (P&lt;0.0001) than noodles and macaroni. The population of S. zeamais at 2 MAI was negatively correlated (r=-0.999, P=0.022) with the final crude fat and positively correlated (r=1.00, P=0.018) with final fibre contents of the pastas. The final weight of pastas at 4 MAI was negatively correlated (r=-0.998, P=0.037) with initial crude protein content of the pastas. The final dry matter of the pasta was positively correlated with the thickness (r=0.998, P=0.044). Key words: Spaghetti; macaroni; noodles; Sitophilus zeamais; infestation; past

EVALUATION OF FOUR APICULTURAL PRODUCTS FOR HIVE COLONIZATION BY HONEY BEES (Apis mellifera adansonii) (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) AND PRE-COLONIZATION PESTS

ABSTRACT Four apicultural products (honey, bee wax, slum gum and propolis) were evaluated for their potentials to attract the African honey bee (Apis mellifera adansonii) colony into artificial hives and their effect on infestation by apicultural insect pests. Ten grammes each of propolis, bee wax and slum gum and 10 ml of honey were applied at the flight entrance, walls of the hives and on the top bars. Data were collected on type and number of pre-colonization pests, hive colonization, colony weight gain, weight of matured harvested combs and weight of extracted honey from the harvested combs. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using analysis of variance and means were separated with Tukeys&apos; HSD at 5% level of probability. Slum gum-baited hives were the first to be colonized (10 days post hive installation) (DPI), followed by bee wax (26.5 DPI). Bee wax however had the highest percentage hive colonization (66.67%) which was not significantly (P&gt;0.05) different from 33.33% observed in other apicultural products. Weight gain on weekly basis did not follow a regular pattern for 2-10 weeks after colonization (WAC); but at 12-16 WAC, hives baited with bee wax had the highest weekly weight gain. In terms of total harvest, the performance of the different baiting materials was as follows: slum gum &gt; bee wax &gt; honey &gt; propolis. However, percentage honey yield was highest in hives baited with bee wax and lowest in propolis-baited hives. The two pests encountered at the pre-colonization stage were waiver ant (Oecophylla longinuda) and sugar ant (Camponotus consobrinus). O. longinuda was significantly (P&lt;0.05) highest (17.33) in honey baited hives than any other baiting material at 2 DPI. Slum gum and honey attracted more sugar ants at 2-4 DPI than bee wax. At 3 DPI, O. longinuda was significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher in slum gum than bee wax; but the later performed better with significantly lower level of pre-colonization pest infestation