Using Unlabeled Data to Improve Classification in the Naive Bayes Approach: Application to Web Searc

This paper introduces a method to build a classifier based on labeled and unlabeled data. We set up the EM algorithm steps for the particular case of the naive Bayes approach and show empirical work for the restricted web page database. Original contributions includes the application of the EM algorithm to simulated data in order to see the behavior of the algorithm for different numbers of labeled and unlabeled data, and to study the effect of the sampling mechanism for the unlabeled data on the results.

Introducing the concept of first and last value to aid lean design: learning from social housing projects In Chile

Value for the customer through efficient production processes is a fundamental principle of Lean. In Lean Construction, Value to customers is largely delivered through project planning and control activities only. Thus, it can be argued that Lean Construction overlooks the opportunity to address Value from the early stages of a project. Aimed at improving this, Lean Design arose as a new approach for design management promoting customer and end user involvement from the early stage of projects. However, even here environmental & social issues are postponed over individual requirements. As a result, Lean potential in general skips the opportunity to address Value from a wider perspective in which the return of Value from the construction industry to society is considered. This paper proposes dividing the wider understanding of the performance of the (global) built environment from the particular (local) project requirements calling the former First Value and the latter Last Value. The theory is triangulated through observation of how a developing country (Chile) is resolving social issues through the use of the built environment. The work described develops Lean Design Management by providing a clearer vision of Value to reduce waste and aid sustainability in the built environment

Lawyers: Gatekeepers of the Sovereign Debt Market?

The claim that lawyers act as gatekeepers or certifiers in financial transactions is widely discussed in the legal literature. There has, however, been little empirical examination of the claim. We test the hypothesis that law firms have replaced investment banks as the gatekeepers of the market for sovereign debt. Our results suggest that hiring outside law firms sends a negative signal to the market regarding the pending issuance; a finding that is inconsistent with the thesis that outside law firms primarily play a certification role in the sovereign debt market

Bullous cutaneous larva migrans: an atypical case of creeping eruption

Cutaneous larva migrans is a hookworm-related infestation caused by zoonotic nematode larvae such as the Ancylostoma braziliense. Herein a case of a 2-year-old child complaining initially of painfull blisters on her left foot is report. The correct diagnosis was delayed and only confirmed when serpiginous, erythematous tracks and bullae were developed. Patient was treated with fexofenadine oral, topical thiabendazole and a cream with ketoconazole, betamethasone dipropionate and neomycin sulfate. The reported case assumes importance because of the atypical presentation of the disease as a case of bullous cutaneous larva migrans

A Sovereign’s Cost of Capital: Go Foreign or Stay Local

A critical question faced by any sovereign seeking to raise funds in the bond market is whether to issue the debt under foreign or local parameters. This choice determines other key characteristics of any bond issue such as which banks, lawyers, and investors will be involved. Most important though, this decision involves a tradeoff between the sovereign retaining discretion in managing the issue and relinquishing control of the issue to third parties to prevent the sovereign from expropriating wealth from bondholders in the future. Based on a sample of 17,349 issuances by 117 sovereigns between 1990 and 2015, we investigate this question in the context of the initial pricing of government bonds. We examine the three key factors that bear on this decision; governing law, currency, and exchange listing. We find that highly-rated sovereigns, with strong domestic institutions that protect investors, almost always issue debt under domestic parameters. In contrast, low-rated sovereigns with weak domestic institutions tend to issue debt under foreign parameters. These findings suggest that low-quality sovereigns are forced to issue debt under foreign parameters to assure investors that the sovereign will not act opportunistically to expropriate their wealth once the debt is issued. Put differently, low-quality sovereigns that issue debt under domestic parameters face a higher cost of capital

Mental Health and You

The Latinx community at the Epicenter in Salinas dealt with mental health illnesses, as well as were brought up with machismo attitudes. This population has a strong stigma against getting help with their mental health. Being faced with immigration, poverty, discrimination and inadequite conversations about health, drives a spike in anxiety levels. Consequences of not dealing with mental health illnesses include unresolved emotions are generational trauma, self harm, substance abuse, and unhealthy relationships. The project created to get in front of this problem was a dialogue series of conversation starters for people who want to open up. The purpose of this project was to have an in person communication dialogue about why it’s important to be so upfront about how one is feeling. From speaking to multiple Latinos a common theme was that they never got to express how traumas made them feel. It is recommended that this project be continued as a social experiment to have a more comfortable feeling of getting people to talk about their generational trauma, their worries, their feelings and their coping mechanisms

Private And Public School Attendance Patterns Among New York City’s Racial/Ethnic Groups and Latino Nationalities in 2000

Introduction: This study examines demographic and socioeconomic factors concerning New York City racial/ethnic groups in 2000 – particularly private and public school attendance rates. Methods: Data on Latinos and other racial/ethnic groups were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey, reorganized for public use by the Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, IPUMSusa. Cases in the dataset were weighted and analyzed to produce population estimates. Results: Data indicated that total White educational enrollment for all grades was evenly divided between public and private education, with 49.6% of all students enrolled in public educational institutions and 50.4% enrolled in private institutions. This was in stark contrast to the three principal minority racial/ethnic groups where educational enrollment was heavily concentrated in public education. Latinos had the highest public education enrollment with 83.6% of all students enrolled in public education and 16.4% in private education. African-American education enrollment data showed that 81% were enrolled in public education and 19% were in private education while among Asians 74.7% of all students were enrolled in public education and 25.3% were in private institutions. Discussion: Latinos had the widest differentiation between male/female private educational enrollment among the four racial/ethnic groups. School-grade specific data showed that females had higher private education enrollment in five school-grade groups. These included all grades with the exception of both the undergraduate and graduate schoolgrade groups. At the undergraduate level 32.9% of all males and 30.8% of all females were enrolled in private education. At the graduate level 61.9% of all males and 60.6% of all females were enrolled in private education. The widest difference takes place in the nursery/pre-school group where 15.3% of all males and 28.1% of all females were enrolled in private institutions