Assessment of Industrial Water Pollution Level in Awun River Basin, North Central Nigeria

Water quality degradation is a major problem in watershed. Physicochemical and bacteriological tests were carried out on water samples within the Awun basin to determine the level of pollution. Three samples were taken from three different locations by random sampling along the river channels and were analysed in the Laboratory. The pH, Turbidity, colour conductance, ionic constituents, heavy metals, bacteriological and other water parameters tests were conducted. Results showed that Lead and Zinc were major parameters higher than the maximum acceptable value of Nigerian FEPA (Federal Environmental Protection Agency) and the WHO(World Health Organization) for effluent discharge into surface water. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference. It was recommended that the river water should be treated before being used for domestic purpose

Assessment of Selected Dams in Kwara State, Nigeria

In Nigeria, more than 50% of the geographical area lies in the Savannah. Over time, this area has been vulnerable to the vagaries of periodic and severe droughts, affecting the survival of man and animals. Safe and economic design and construction of dams to store surplus river waters thus assumed greater urgency. However, dam failures and flood issues has caused catastrophic damages and losses of lives and properties. The uncertainties associated with deteriorating dams have necessitated proper and timely assessment and rehabilitation of these structures. This study identifies and investigates relapse in four (4) selected dams in Kwara State namely: Unilorin-, Malete-, Okuta- Oja- and Asa-dam. A series of field inspection was carried out and results obtained were analyzed. Amongst the four dams, Okuta-Oja dam displayed the worst case of relapse with seepages through the foundation and body of the dam. About 20 baffle blocks out of 30 have been damaged in Unilorin dam, while Malete dam was undergoing re-construction owing to seepage failure. Asa dam however remains intact with no physical and structural defect. Unless appropriately handled, ageing and relapsing infrastructural systems can pose a significant problem, threatening economic prosperity and public safety. Thus, monitoring the state of dam structures to ensure timely maintenance is critically important to preventing catastrophic disasters

Adaptive dual-comb spectroscopy in the green region

Dual-comb spectroscopy is extended to the visible spectral range with a set-up based on two frequency-doubled femtosecond ytterbium-doped fiber lasers. The dense rovibronic spectrum of iodine around 19240 cm-1 is recorded within 12 ms at Doppler-limited resolution with a simple scheme that only uses free-running femtosecond lasers

Adaptive Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) Analysis of seismic electric signal (SES): A comparison of Hamming and rectangular window

Seismic electric signal (SES) is one of features for predicting earthquakes (EQs) because of its significant changes in the amplitude of the signal prior to the earthquake. This paper presents detailed analysis of SES recorded prior to earthquake that occurred in Greece in the period from January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2008. During this period of time 5 earthquakes were recorded with magnitudes greater than 6R. In this analysis STFT involving adaptively sliding window technique is used, in which Hamming and rectangular window functions are applied and compared. The comparison shows that Hamming window gives better results in analyzing the first significantly changes of SES prior to the EQ. The application of Hamming window resulted in less rippled spectrum shape which is more suitable to be used in characterizing the SES

ASSESSMENT OF WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN ILORIN, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

This report presents the outcome of a survey of water use pattern in Ilorin, Kwara State. Nigeria. The water use pattern study extends to various water consumers such as residential, institutional, commercial and industrial. The study was conducted through questionnaire survey and oral interview which centered on water demand and uses. Most residents were found to use between 46 to 115 l/c/d. The high rates were common in low density areas and the low rates in medium and high density areas of the city. The daily values for commercial, industrial and institutional facilities sampled within the metropolis were 75,535; 188,735 and 161,680 litres respectively. Moreover, public water distribution system is not adequate, because majority of consumers still source water from wells or boreholes to meet their basic needs. Some mathematical models have been generated which could be used to estimate water need for planning and operational purposes. The results of the models show that water use by some categories of consumers can be estimated knowing certain variables and coefficients

Prediction of received signal power and propagation path loss in open/rural environments using modified free-space loss and Hata models

This paper describes a modification of the Free-Space and Hata formulae for the prediction of received signal power, P R and propagation path loss, L P , in two cellular mobile radio systems (CMRS), in the Northern Nigeria. Measurements of P R s were taken with a Cellular Mobile Radio test Receiver (Sagem OT 160), in some selected open/rural environments, when the receiver was being moved away from the base stations along the propagation paths. L P s were then obtained from values of measured P R s using an appropriate expression. A close comparison of measurement values and computed values from the free-space and Hata formulae revealed that direct application of these formulae is inappropriate for the prediction of these parameters in the region of investigation, as computed values fell short significantly from the corresponding measured values. Consequently, some correction factors have been introduced to both models and these have produced results which closely matched the measured values