Le champ lexical « étendues d’eau » et quelques vocables apparentés dans le Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du français contemporain (12 vocables)

Cet article, qui s’inscrit dans l’optique du Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du français contemporain, traite d’un champ lexical comportant des noms concrets et présentant un système de définitions structuré de façon rigide et précise. On énoncera trois principes lexicographiques, qui nous permettront de distinguer clairement les diverses composantes sémantiques qui constitueront ces définitions. Les composantes exprimant la dimension occupent une place importante dans notre article, vu leur caractère relatif. On expliquera les notions de ‘moyenne’ et ‘extrême’ ainsi que d’‘échelle dimensionnelle’.This article, written within the framework of the Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary of Modern French, deals with a lexical field composed of concrete nouns, which presents a system of definitions structured in a rigid and precise way. The three lexicographic principles to be stated, will allow us to clearly distinguish the different semantic components that will constitute these definitions. The components conveying the dimensional meaning occupy a special place because of their relative character. The concepts of 'average size' and 'extreme size' are introduced together with 'dimensional scale'

Quand l’Évolution se prête au jeu…

Créé par l’École de l’ADN et ses partenaires, « Trivial Évolution » est un jeu éducatif qui a pour objectifs de faire découvrir les concepts de base de l’Évolution des espèces et de combattre les idées reçues sur la théorie de l’Évolution : les concepteurs présentent ici une première évaluation de cet outil ludique de vulgarisation scientifique.Developed by the ADN school and its partners, « Trivial Evolution » is an educational board game which aims at helping players to grasp the basic concepts of species evolution, and to combat preconceived ideas concerning the Evolution theory: the designers present a first-time assessment of this educative and fun tool for the general public interested in Science

The pea branching RMS2 gene encodes the PsAFB4/5 auxin receptor and is involved in an auxin-strigolactone regulation loop

Strigolactones (SLs) are well known for their role in repressing shoot branching. In pea, increased transcript levels of SL biosynthesis genes are observed in stems of highly branched SL deficient (ramosus1 (rms1) and rms5) and SL response (rms3 and rms4) mutants indicative of negative feedback control. In contrast, the highly branched rms2 mutant has reduced transcript levels of SL biosynthesis genes. Grafting studies and hormone quantification led to a model where RMS2 mediates a shoot-to-root feedback signal that regulates both SL biosynthesis gene transcript levels and xylem sap levels of cytokinin exported from roots. Here we cloned RMS2 using synteny with Medicago truncatula and demonstrated that it encodes a putative auxin receptor of the AFB4/5 clade. Phenotypes similar to rms2 were found in Arabidopsis afb4/5 mutants, including increased shoot branching, low expression of SL biosynthesis genes and high auxin levels in stems. Moreover, afb4/5 and rms2 display a specific resistance to the herbicide picloram. Yeast-two-hybrid experiments supported the hypothesis that the RMS2 protein functions as an auxin receptor. SL root feeding using hydroponics repressed auxin levels in stems and down-regulated transcript levels of auxin biosynthesis genes within one hour. This auxin down-regulation was also observed in plants treated with the polar auxin transport inhibitor NPA. Together these data suggest a homeostatic feedback loop in which auxin up-regulates SL synthesis in an RMS2-dependent manner and SL down-regulates auxin synthesis in an RMS3 and RMS4- dependent manner

Trees Wanted—Dead or Alive! Host Selection and Population Dynamics in Tree-Killing Bark Beetles

Bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) feed and breed in dead or severely weakened host trees. When their population densities are high, some species aggregate on healthy host trees so that their defences may be exhausted and the inner bark successfully colonized, killing the tree in the process. Here we investigate under what conditions participating with unrelated conspecifics in risky mass attacks on living trees is an adaptive strategy, and what this can tell us about bark beetle outbreak dynamics. We find that the outcome of individual host selection may deviate from the ideal free distribution in a way that facilitates the emergence of tree-killing (aggressive) behavior, and that any heritability on traits governing aggressiveness seems likely to exist in a state of flux or cycles consistent with variability observed in natural populations. This may have implications for how economically and ecologically important species respond to environmental changes in climate and landscape (forest) structure. The population dynamics emerging from individual behavior are complex, capable of switching between “endemic” and “epidemic” regimes spontaneously or following changes in host availability or resistance. Model predictions are compared to empirical observations, and we identify some factors determining the occurrence and self-limitation of epidemics

Control of Gene Expression by the Retinoic Acid-Related Orphan Receptor Alpha in HepG2 Human Hepatoma Cells

Retinoic acid-related Orphan Receptor alpha (RORα; NR1F1) is a widely distributed nuclear receptor involved in several (patho)physiological functions including lipid metabolism, inflammation, angiogenesis, and circadian rhythm. To better understand the role of this nuclear receptor in liver, we aimed at displaying genes controlled by RORα in liver cells by generating HepG2 human hepatoma cells stably over-expressing RORα. Genes whose expression was altered in these cells versus control cells were displayed using micro-arrays followed by qRT-PCR analysis. Expression of these genes was also altered in cells in which RORα was transiently over-expressed after adenoviral infection. A number of the genes found were involved in known pathways controlled by RORα, for instance LPA, NR1D2 and ADIPOQ in lipid metabolism, ADIPOQ and PLG in inflammation, PLG in fibrinolysis and NR1D2 and NR1D1 in circadian rhythm. This study also revealed that genes such as G6PC, involved in glucose homeostasis, and AGRP, involved in the control of body weight, are also controlled by RORα. Lastly, SPARC, involved in cell growth and adhesion, and associated with liver carcinogenesis, was up-regulated by RORα. SPARC was found to be a new putative RORα target gene since it possesses, in its promoter, a functional RORE as evidenced by EMSAs and transfection experiments. Most of the other genes that we found regulated by RORα also contained putative ROREs in their regulatory regions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) confirmed that the ROREs present in the SPARC, PLG, G6PC, NR1D2 and AGRP genes were occupied by RORα in HepG2 cells. Therefore these genes must now be considered as direct RORα targets. Our results open new routes on the roles of RORα in glucose metabolism and carcinogenesis within cells of hepatic origin

L’industrie et la politique canadienne du sport en contexte de mondialisation

On assiste actuellement à une accentuation de la marchandisation du sport au Canada, un phénomène favorisé par le développement de l'industrie canadienne du sport, la mondialisation et la crise de l'État-providence. Après avoir présenté la filière de l'industrie canadienne du sport, on présente des données sur son évolution au cours des trente dernières années. On présente ensuite des données sur son internationalisation. La mondialisation du sport est ensuite abordée. Une: dernière section traite des effets de ces phénomènes sur les politiques nationales qui concernent le sport au Canada.At the present time, we are witness to an intensification in the commercialization of sport in Canada, a phenomenon which has been favoured by the development of the sports industry, globalization and the crisis in the welfare state. After presenting the Canadian sports industry network, data on its evolution over the last thirty years is presented, followed by data on its internationalization. The globalization of sport is then addressed. The last section discusses the effects of these phenomena on national sport policies in Canada.Actualmente se vive una acentuación de la comercialización del deporte en Canadá, fenómeno favorecido por el desarrollo de la industria del deporte, la mundialización y la crisis del Estado-providencia. Después de haber presentado el conjunto de actividades de la industria del deporte canadiense, se presentan a continuación los datos sobre su internacionalización. En seguida se aborda la mundialización del deporte. La última sección discute los efectos de estos fenómenos sobre las políticas deportivas nacionales en Canadá

D. Ioannis Chrisostomi, Quod multae quidem dignitatis, sed difficile sit episcopum agere, dialogus in sex libros partitus. Germano Brixio Altissiodorenti, canonico parisiensi interprete

GLN-1353Bibl. Gebennensis, n° 41/10Maillard, France I, p. 31-32Peter, Du Bois, n°