A Survey on The Determination of Statues of Mechanization of Pistachio Farming And Its Problems in Turkey

In Turkey, despite the fact that history of the pistachio nut has a great economic importance, especially in the GAP region, and extends to a long way back; the amount of production has not been achieved at the expected rate. Average yield per pistachio tree is 2 kg and the average pistachio production is 46,500 tons, currently. Because, in this region, the pistachio nut is grown under dry climate conditions and in barren soil. Additionally, pistachio growers are not trained well enough about mechanization. This research was conducted to determine mechanization possibilities of pistachio and the post harvest handlings. I t consisted of two parts, first the compilation of survey results which were obtained from farmers dealing with pistachio and the second part includes the results of post harvest processing of pistachio. For this reasion, pistachio nut growing practices, general farm, soil cultivation, pest controls, fertilization, prunning, harvesting, drying, dehulling and storing methods have been examined.</p

Energy use pattern and cost analysis of cotton agriculture: A case study for Sanliurfa, Turkey

This survey was conducted to determine the energy use pattern and economic analysis of cotton farming in the Southeastern Anatolia Project (SEAP) areas in Turkey. Data were obtained through a questionnaire sent to 40 cotton producers from the different villages of Sanliurfa, Turkey which is the most important cotton province of the SEAR Basic operational data were measured by using a computer-based data acquisition system. Total energy input, total energy output, output/input ratio and net energy ratio were 37.910, 95.800, 2.52 and 1.532 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The highest contribution to the total energy consumption came from fuel and oil energy input at 10.417 MJ ha(-1). However, the lowest contribution to total energy consumption came from bund making at 99,6 MJ ha(-1)

Determination of accuracy level of agricultural spraying application in Sanliurfa/Turkey

When calibration, spraying height, applied pressure, volume rate, nozzle type and application time of equipment used in pesticide applications are incorrect, this causes the amount of agricultural pesticide applied per unit area to be more or less needed. A survey study was carried out on farmers in order to determine whether or not they adjust application pressure of pesticide equipment, nozzle type, volume rate, spraying height and calibration of spraying equipment needed for pesticide application to have values, and also whether or not they carry out agricultural pesticide application in accurate weather conditions such as wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, temperature and application time. This research was conducted in 2008 by randomly determining 110 agricultural organizations located in villages in the center of Sanliurfa/Turkey and its districts. Survey study was carried out by taking data from pesticide applications processes made on products such as cotton, wheat, barley, lentils and corn which have been intensely produced in the region. It was determined that in general, farmers operated field sprayer at very high pressures in agricultural pesticide application and they did not adjust travel speed of boom sprayer based on the calibration of pesticide application equipment. Moreover, based on data obtained from survey studies, application operators and farmers did not know values of wind speed, temperature and relative humidity required for agricultural pesticide applications.When calibration, spraying height, applied pressure, volume rate, nozzle type and application time ofequipment used in pesticide applications are incorrect, this causes the amount of agricultural pesticideapplied per unit area to be more or less needed. A survey study was carried out on farmers in order todetermine whether or not they adjust application pressure of pesticide equipment, nozzle type, volumerate, spraying height and calibration of spraying equipment needed for pesticide application to havevalues, and also whether or not they carry out agricultural pesticide application in accurate weatherconditions such as wind speed, air temperature, relative humidity, temperature and application time.This research was conducted in 2008 by randomly determining 110 agricultural organizations located invillages in the center of Sanliurfa/Turkey and its districts. Survey study was carried out by taking datafrom pesticide applications processes made on products such as cotton, wheat, barley, lentils and cornwhich have been intensely produced in the region. It was determined that in general, farmers operatedfield sprayer at very high pressures in agricultural pesticide application and they did not adjust travelspeed of boom sprayer based on the calibration of pesticide application equipment. Moreover, basedon data obtained from survey studies, application operators and farmers did not know values of windspeed, temperature and relative humidity required for agricultural pesticide applications

Calibration of time domain reflectometry (TDR) on the basis of torf sand and its optimisation for irrigation automations

In this study, requirement calibrations performed for irrigation automation at the agricultural irrigation, particularly by means of taking as a base the torf sand, from the greenhouse, garden and flowerpot soil, were carried out. In order to make the TDR (time domain reflectometry) device suitable for watering automation, the water pump was automatically used to perform drip irrigation according to the humidity values provided via integrated adjusted resistances and the relay system to the device. Compatibility was determined between the values obtained from automation. As a result, TDR humidity sensors, used for soil water content measurement, are both easier and cheaper than other systems. It has been seen that this examined system can be applied for different types of soils too

Serum angiostatin levels in diabetic patients with heart failure taking oral antidiabetic therapy or basal insulin and its clinical significance

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder with an increasing incidence all over the world leading to high sequelae and high mortality rates behind other microvascular and macrovascular complications. The deterioration in angiogenesis in particular is known to cause deterioration of vascular complications of diabetes. After the discovery of a natural angiogenesis inhibitor, angiostatin in the ethiopathogenesis of retinopathy and nephropathy, which are frequent complications of diabetes, several successful clinical trials have been made. However, the most lethal complication of diabetes, diabetic heart failure, lacks any trial about effectiveness of angiostatin. In this study, the levels and the clinical significance of angiostatin were investigated in oral antidiabetic or Insulin treated diabetic patients with heart failure. The patient group consisted of 31 patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and heart failure and the control group included 30 patients with heart failure without diabetes mellitus. Serum levels of angiostatin were studied. A total of 61 subjects were enrolled in the study. The patient group consisted of 31 patients; between the age of 56-88 (73.06 ± 8.7) years, of which 16 (51.6%) were female and 15 (48.4%) were male. The control group included 30 patients; 15 (% 50) women and 15 (50%) of were male, between the ages of 57 to 85 (74.23 ± 8.27). In the case group, the average angiostatin levels were 133.25 ± 78.46 and in the control group it was found to be 121.7 ± 71.81. The average angiostatin levels were similar in diabetic and non-diabetic heart failure groups (p=0.55). The average serum angiostatin levels showed a significant negative correlation with the level of fasting blood glucose. In our study, diabetic patients with heart failure, when compared with non-diabetic patients with heart failure, showed no significant difference in the levels of angiostatin. Levels of angiostatin are not affected by the level of HbA1c. Fasting blood glucose level has a negative correlation with the level of angiostatin. In order to be used in determining the prognosis in diabetic patients with heart failure, further studies are needed on angiostatin levels. [Med-Science 2020; 9(1.000): 45-8

Evaluation of the effects of different treatment modalities on angiogenesis in heart failure patients with reduced/midrange ejection fraction via VEGF and sVEGFR-1

Objectives: To investigate the clinical significance of VEGF, sVEGFR-1 in heart failure reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF) patients

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a novel tool for rapid quantification of heroin and metabolites in saliva

Background: Heroin can be detected and quantified by certain analytical methods, however, forensic professionals and criminal laboratories study for cheaper and faster detection tools. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) rises as a possible alternative tool with its widening application spectra. There are few studies regarding Raman and SERS spectra of heroin and its metabolites, which are unfortunately controversial. In this study, we compared five different surfaces in order to find out more efficient Raman-active substrate for opiate detection and rapid quantification of heroin and its metabolites in saliva. Materials and methods: Morphine standard material was used to identify proper surface for SERS analysis of opiates. Heroin and its metabolites (morphine, morphine-3-beta-glucuronide and 6-monoacetyl morphine) were calibrated between 50 ppb and 500 ppm and quantified on AuNRs with signal enhancement of silver colloids in saliva. Raman microscope with a 785-nm laser source was used. Results and Conclusion: Obtained results showed that heroin and its metabolites can be detected and quantified in saliva samples using a SERS-based system. Additionally, the present study revealed that synergetic effect of a specific gold nano-surface with ability controlling liquid motion and silver nanoparticles increase band numbers and intensities. Therefore, we suggest a fast, accurate and cost-effective method to detect and quantify heroin in biological fluids