Unique Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Antimicrobials in Goats

Pharmacokinetics, the process that involves drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of antimicrobials, determines pharmacodynamic response, that is, what drugs do to the body. Therefore, of all the pharmacokinetic parameters, elimination half-life (T1/2β), volume of distribution (Vd), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and maximum time reached (Tmax) are the most important parameters. Hence, the parameters are unique in determining pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response of antimicrobials. However, it is elimination half-life and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) that determine the dosing interval of antimicrobials. The dose range of 2.5 mg/kg for gentamicin passing through 4 mg/kg (ciprofloxacin), 4.2 mg/kg (ampicillin L/A), 5 mg/kg (kanamycin, enrofloxacin, gatifloxacin and norfloxacin), 7 mg/kg (mequindox), 10 mg/kg (amikacin, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, pefloxacin, cefpirome, erythromycin and isoniazid), 20 mg/kg (oxytetracycline) and 30 mg/kg (metronidazole) have elimination half-life of 1.2–67.2 h, Cmax of 0.12–54.4 μg/ml, Tmax of 0.2–24 h, bioavailability of 16–99.8% and plasma protein binding of 0–>80% when administered intramuscularly, intravenously and orally. Human equivalent dose formula could be used to extrapolate human-goat therapeutic doses of antimicrobials. However, some antimicrobials such as sulfadimidine, tulathromycin, oxytetracycline and azithromycin may have high residues in the milk, kidneys, liver, intestines, brain and skeletal muscles and may portend high risk of antimicrobial resistance, hypersensitivity reaction, epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and other adverse drug reactions

Toxicosis of Snake, Scorpion, Honeybee, Spider, and Wasp Venoms: Part 2

Toxicosis is a poisoning caused by venomous animals such as snake, scorpion, honeybee, spider and wasp. Their poisons contain amino acids, peptides, proteins, enzymes and metallic ions that are responsible for neurotoxicity, hemotoxicity and myotoxicity. Because of in vivo therapeutic challenges posed by toxicosis, there is need for ideal therapeutic agents against envenomation caused by venomous animals. Findings have shown that toxicosis could be treated symptomatically. Snake and scorpion antivenins could be used for treatment of poisoning caused by snake, scorpion, honeybee, spider and wasp. The amount of antivenin is dependent on the quantity of venom injected into the affected individuals. Moreso, sympotomatic treatments are also done according to the systems affected. Hospitalization is necessary for assessment of therapeutic success

Effects Of Ceftriaxone On Haematological And Biochemical Parameters Of Turkey

Short-term effects of ceftriaxone on haematological and biochemical parameters of Nigerian local turkey poults were studied. The pre-treatment blood and serum samples were collected and the weight of animals taken before the administration of body weight for a period of 4 days. The animals were weighed daiy. The results showed that eosinophilia was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and total bilirubin deceased significantly (P < 005). Furthermore, there was significant decrease in chloride ion (P < 005) and increase in bicarbonate ion (P < 0.05). Oher indices o haematology, liver function test and electrolyte titration were normal (P < 0.05). Ceftriaxone caused eosinophilia in treated samples (2.2 +-0.45a) as compared to pre-treated samples (1.6 +- 0.89b). Total bilirubin in the post-administration samples (135 + 1.05a) was decreased in comparison with pre-administration samples (14.82 +- 0.72b). Chloride ion decreased in the treatedsampes (86.6 +- 8.11a) when compared with untreated samples (98.4 +- 2.88b). Bicarbonate ion increased (24.8 +- 1.79a) in the experimental samples when compared to control (24.4 +- 1.34b).Conclusively, the short term administraton of ceftriaxone may cause eosinophilia, hypobilirubinaemia, hypochloraemia and increased bcarbonate ion which may be positive response to hypochloraemia. Keywords: Haematology, Biochemical Parameters, Ceftriaxone, TurkeyAnimal Research International Vol. 3 (3) 2006 pp. 562-56

Acute toxicity studies of potassium permanganate in Swiss albino mice

Acute toxicity study of potassium permanganate was carried out in Swiss albino mice. Potassium permanganate was administered at dose rate of 0.0, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 and 3500mg/kg body weight to groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, ten per group for LD50 determination. The dead animals were posted for gross lesions. A predetermined dose of 160mg/kg of the chemical was administered to experimental group of 12 mice, whereas control group of 12 mice received 16ml/kg body weight of distilled water for a period of 7 days. Grower’s marsh and water were provided ad libitum. The animals were weighed daily before administration of potassium permanganate. On the eighth day 1ml of blood sample was collected from both control and experimental mice for haematology and plasma biochemistry into ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid bottles. The median lethal dose (LD50) was estimated at 1449.7mg/kg body weight. There was no significant difference between the mean weight of control and experimental group. Haematological and biochemical parameters of both control and experimental groups did not increase significantly though there was a significant (

Evaluation Of In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activities And Phytochemical Constituents Of Cassia occidentalis

The research was carried out to evaluate the in-vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of Cassia occdentials. Cassia leaves were collected from Kacha town in Niger State and extracted using methano, hexane, chloroform and water extraction methods. Serial concentrations: 50 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 % methanol, hexane, chloroform and aqueous extracts were prepared and sterilized. The bacterial isolates used; E. coli, P. multocida, S. typhi, S. typhimurium, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae were authenticated using biochemical and serological methods. The suspenson (0.5) of each bacterial isolate was prepared in isotonic sodium chloride. The disc agar diffusion method was performed on 70 Mueller-Hinton agar pates, 10 per microorganism , using serial diffusion concentraton: 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 mg o hexane, methanol, chloroform and water. The results showed that all the extracts of Cassia occidentalis have antimicrobial activity on E col at concentrations between 900 – 1000 mg. E. coli was most susceptible to hexane extract at concentration ranges between 500 – 1000 mg, there was no antimicrobial activity exhibited against the other tested microorganisms Phytochemical analyses showed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, saponin, glycoside and flavonoid, steroid was absent. Keywords: Evaluation, In-vitro, Antimicrobial activity, Phytochemical properties, Cassia occidentalisAnimal Research International Vol. 3 (3) 2006 pp. 566-56

Technostress: Mediating Accounting Information System Performance

In recent times, Accounting Information System (AIS) characteristics were studied to enhance its effectiveness but the impact technology stress, which imposes additional stress in the professionals known as techno stress, is not reflected. Technostress and AIS literatures were reviewed to synthesize the relationship. Technostress adversely affect the professional’s job satisfaction and performance. Therefore, this conceptual paper highlights and synthesizes the issues of techno stress with professionals and the effectiveness of AIS in organizations. However, based on the strength of existing frameworks of AIS, techno stress use to mediate the technological, organizational and cognitive contingency factors under condition of uncertainty to determine AIS effectiveness

Порівняння гематологічних та біохімічних показників собак при застосуванні вакцини (DHLPPi) та водного екстракту насіння Abrus precatori

Because of increasing incidence of resistance to infectious microorganisms, immunotherapy has been considered as an alternative/complementary to chemotherapy. More so Abrus precatorius leaf extract has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects in animals. In view of this, comparative haematology and biochemistry of cocktail vaccine (DHLPPi) and Abrus precatorius seed extract (APSE) was studied in rats. Sixteen (16) Nigerian local dogs of both sexes weighing 7.19 ± 0.46 kg, aged 15.44 ± 0.76 weeks old were divided into four groups of 4 each. Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 was administered 1 ml of normal saline (0.9%), APSE (2.72 mg/Kg), APSE (2.72 mg/Kg)+DHLPPi (1 ml) and DHLPPi (1 ml) respectively. Fourteen days after administration of the extract and vaccine, 3 ml of blood sample was collected from each of the dogs for haematology and serum biochemistry. The findings revealed significantly (P &lt; 0.05)decreased packed cell volume, haemoglobin, erythrocytes, neutrophils, leucocytes, platelets and increased monocytes, decreased total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the group administered extract and extract/vaccine. Hence, the extract and extract/DHLPPi vaccine can be used in prevention chronic viral infection of dogs.З давніх часів лікарські рослини використовувалися при лікуванні та за для контроля захворювань людини та тварин. Деякі рослини впливають на гематологічні та біохімічні показники сироватки крові. Також існують відомості що деякі сучасні противірусні препарати є неспецифічними для конкретних вірусів. Тому розробка нових економічно ефективних і специфічних противірусних схем є досить актуальним а також першочерговим завданням сучасних досліджень. Через зростання випадків стійкості до інфекційних мікроорганізмів, імунотерапія розглядається як альтернатива хіміотерапії. Більш того, екстракт листя Abrus precatori, як повідомляється, має імуномодулюючу дію у тварин. З огляду на це, нами були проведені дослідження на щурах по визначенню проведенню порівняльної гематологічної та біохімічної оцінки сироватки крові після застосування асоційованої вакцини (DHLPPi) та екстракту з насіння Abrus precatori (APSE). Також для дослідів використовували шістнадцять (16) нігерійських місцевих собак обох статей вагою 7,19 ± 0,46 кг, віком 15,44 ± 0,76 тижнів. Тварин було розділено на чотири групи по 4 у кожній. Групам 1, 2, 3 і 4 вводили відповідно 1мл фізіологічного розчину (0,9%), APSE (2,72 мг/кг), APSE (2,72 мг/кг) + DHLPPi (1 мл) та DHLPPi (1 мл) відповідно. Через чотирнадцять днів після введення екстракту та вакцини від кожної собаки відбирали 3 мл крові для дослідження гематологічних та біохімічних показників сироватки крові. В результаті проведених досліджень встановили що застосування вакцини та&nbsp; екстракту має високу єфективність у профілактиці вірусних захворювань собак. В дослідних группах де проводили комплексне застосування екстракту разом з DHLPPi єфективність профілактики вірусних захворювань набагато вище

Antipsychotic effect of aqueous stem bark extract of Amblygonocarpus andongensis in Wistar albino rats

The study of antipsychotic efect of the aqueous stem bark extract of Amblygonocarpus andongensis was carried out on amphetamine induced psychosis in 42 Wister albino rats weighingbetween 105 and 3052g using two indices feeding and locomotor activity. Twelve out of the 42 rats were divided into two groups; six per group. Group 1 and 2 received 15mg/kg body weight ooral amphetamine. Oral chlorpromazine (0.5mg/kg) was administered to group 2 rats in additon The remaining 30 rats were divided ino 5 groups: A, B, C, D and E, each group comprised 6 rats. All the groups received 15 mg/kg body weight of amphetamine but E received 05mg/kg oral chlorpromazine in addton. However, B, C and D received 450, 900 and 1350mg/kg bodyweght of Amblygonocarpus andongensis aqueous stem bark extract. Feeding and locomotor activities were measured in groups 1 and 2 and A, B, C, D and E rats respectively. The result showed that there were significant diferences in feeding and locomotor parameters between groups 1 and 2 and among groups A, B, C and E (

Chemical characterisation and the anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and antibacterial properties of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Date fruit, Phoenix dactylifera L. has traditionally been used as a medicine in many cultures for the treatment of a range of ailments such as stomach and intestinal disorders, fever, oedema, bronchitis and wound healing. Aim of the review: The present review aims to summarise the traditional use and application of Phoenix dactylifera date fruit in different ethnomedical systems, additionally the botany and phytochemistry are identified. Critical evaluation of in vitro and in vitro studies examining date fruit in relation to anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and antimicrobial activities are outlined. Key Findings: The ethnomedical use of Phoenix dactylifera in the treatment of inflammatory disease has been previously identified and reported. Furthermore, date fruit and date fruit co-products such as date syrup are rich sources of polyphenols, anthocyanins, sterols and carotenoids. In vitro studies have demonstrated that date fruit exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activity. The recent interest in the identification of the numerous health benefits of dates using in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that date fruit and date syrup have beneficial health effects that can be attributed to the presence of natural bioactive compounds. Conclusions: Date fruit and date syrup have therapeutic properties, which have the potential to be beneficial to health. However, more investigations are needed to quantify and validate these effects

Epizootiology of Infectious Diseases of Dog in Some States in Nigeria (2015–2018)

An epizootiology of infectious diseases/conditions of dog in some veterinary clinics from Benue, Plateau states and the Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria were assessed from 2015 to 2018. This study revealed about seventeen (17) infectious clinical cases/conditions from 1865 cases recorded within the period of four (4) years. These comprised of helminthoses (17.8%) having the highest prevalence followed by babesiosis (17.5%), parvovirosis (15.9%), ectoparasitism (11.3%), scepticemia (6.9%), Mange (5.7%), urinary tract infections (4.7%), canine distemper (4.2%), colitis (3.9%), myiasis (2.7%), trypanosomosis (2.1%), leptospirosis and transmissible venereal tumor (1.9%), respiratory infections (1.7%), otitis (1.0%) and orchitis (0.7%). Puppies (0–6 months old) 50.2% were mostly affected. Incidences of diseases were more in Alsatians (23.7%), Cross (22.9%), Nigerian indigenous breed (20.5%), Caucasian (9.6%) and Rottweiler (8.9%). More cases of vaccinated (68.7%) were recorded against the unvaccinated (31.3%) dogs while male (57.1%) dogs had a higher frequency of cases as compared with their female (42.9%) counterpart. Disease incidence was highest in dry season (54.3%) especially in the months of December (13.3%), January (11.1%) and February (10.6%).The highest frequency of disease incidence was recorded in 2015 (36.4%). Most the infectious clinical cases/conditions recorded from this study were preventable cases demanding veterinary care in order to prevent the risk of zoonosis