The Role of Health Systems Factors in Facilitating Access to Psychotropic Medicines: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the WHO-AIMS in 63 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

In a cross-sectional analysis of WHO-AIMS data, Ryan McBain and colleagues investigate the associations between health system components and access to psychotropic drugs in 63 low and middle income countries

A common genetic network underlies substance use disorders and disruptive or externalizing disorders

Here we summarize evidence obtained by our group during the last two decades, and contrasted it with a review of related data from the available literature to show that behavioral syndromes involving attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), externalizing disorders, and substance-use disorder (SUD) share similar signs and symptoms (i.e., have a biological basis as common syndromes), physiopathological and psychopathological mechanisms, and genetic factors. Furthermore, we will show that the same genetic variants harbored in different genes are associated with different syndromes and that non-linear interactions between genetic variants (epistasis) best explain phenotype severity, long-term outcome, and response to treatment. These data have been depicted in our studies by extended pedigrees, where ADHD, externalizing symptoms, and SUD segregate and co-segregate. Finally, we applied here a new formal network analysis using the set of significantly replicated genes that have been shown to be either associated and/or linked to ADHD, disruptive behaviors, and SUD in order to detect significantly enriched gene categories for protein and genetic interactions, pathways, co-expression, co-localization, and protein domain similarity. We found that networks related to pathways involved in axon guidance, regulation of synaptic transmission, and regulation of transmission of nerve impulse are overrepresented. In summary, we provide compiled evidence of complex networks of genotypes underlying a wide phenotype that involves SUD and externalizing disorders

Limites e alternativas para a implementação de um programa para dependentes químicos em risco para infecção pelo HIV utilizando o conceito de Rede Social Limits and alternatives to the implementation of a program for intravenous drug users at risk of HIV infection using the Social Network Approach

Os autores descrevem as etapas de execução de um programa de ações preventivas para usuários de drogas sob risco de infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), utilizando como paradigma de intervenção um modelo de abordagem de redes sociais. São descritos os passos de instalação do projeto dentro de um grande hospital universitário do sul do Brasil, com ênfase nos métodos e técnicas originais desenvolvidos pela equipe de atendimento. As dificuldades de implementação do projeto são discutidas ao longo das seções, buscando identificar os motivos pelos quais o programa obteve êxito apenas parcial. Os autores destacam alguns pontos críticos, tais como a utilização de uma técnica ainda não difundida em nosso meio, a dificuldade de reter em tratamento usuários de drogas injetáveis, a falta de estrutura para atendimentos imediatos, e as dificuldades em motivar equipes e pacientes para o tratamento. Ao final do texto, são feitas sugestões com o objetivo de facilitar o desenvolvimento de novos projetos que busquem utilizar o mesmo modelo conceitual.The authors describe the development of a preventive program focused on intravenous drug users at risk of HIV infection, using the Social Network Approach as the intervention model. The authors describe the project's steps in a large university hospital in southern Brazil, emphasizing the unique methods and techniques developed by the treatment staff. Problems encountered during the project development are discussed, aimed at identifying the reasons why the program only achieved partial success. The authors identify critical issues, such as the use of a new technique not previously tried in Brazil, difficulties in maintaining IV drug users in treatment, lack of infrastructure for walk-in treatment, and the challenge of motivating staff and patients to continue treatment. The authors conclude by listing suggestions aimed at facilitating the development of new projects based on the same conceptual model