STUDY OF NUTRIENT FORAMINA IN DRY ADULT FEMUR IN CENTRAL INDIA REGION

Introduction:- Femur is the longest weight bearing bone of the body. The accurate knowledge of its blood supply and nutrient foramina is very crucial to prevent intraoperative injuries in orthopaedic, plastic and reconstructive surgeries. Aims &amp; Objectives:- To conduct morphological analysis of diaphyseal nutrient foramina of femur with respect to their number, location, direction and size in central India region. Materials &amp; Method:- 160 dry adult femora (80 right and 80 left) were studied in the Department of Anatomy, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal. Femora were examined for length and nutrient foramina for number, size, location, position including foraminal index and direction. Results &amp; Conclusion:- Mean femur length was 44.13 cm. (n=160) 41.9% with single nutrient foramina, 50.6% with double foramina, 3.8% with three foramina, 0.6% with four foramina, 0.6% with ve foramina and 2.5% femurs with no foramina. The range of size of nutrient foramina was 0.45 mm to 1.27 mm. Most common position was middle one third of the shaft (84.38%) and most common location was linea aspera (63.68%) with all nutrient foramina directed upwards. Knowledge about the exact location and distribution of nutrient foramina in the diaphysis of Femur is essential to avoid damage to the nutrient vessels during surgical procedures. It will help in better fracture healing and microvascular bone grafting.</jats:p

Tribological Characteristics of Epoxide based Bio lubricant – commercial gear oil blends

Abstract This study investigates the effect of epoxide based bio-lubricant derived from Calophyllum Inophyllum blended in commercial gear oil. The tribological properties of the blends are investigated on a four-ball wear tester. The base lubricant used is EP-140 gear oil and study is carried out by blends in 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% volume percentages of Calophyllum Inophyllum oil. Both wear test and friction test were carried out as per ASTM standards for various blends and the results were studied. The experimental results show that the base oil wear scar diameter increased with an increase in load and reduced by the addition of Calophyllum Inophyllum concentrations. The frictional torque is analyzed and the coefficient of friction is calculated. The results shows that 15% of bio-oil concentration is relatively more efficient compared to the other three. Despite a fall in seizure load, the overall results reveal that the addition of 15% Calophyllum Inophyllum to EP-140 gear oil performs better thereby improving anti-wear characteristics of the commercially available lubricants.</jats:p

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Not AvailableClimate change has far-reaching consequences on several sectors of agriculture. Cattle production within animal agriculture is one of the most susceptible sectors for the devastating effects of climate change. Climate change associated heat stress negatively impacts cattle production both directly and indirectly.Heat stress reduces the feed intake which ultimately reduces the body weight, average daily gain and body condition scoring in cattle. Further, heat stress associated reduced feed intake also affects the milk production, meat production and reproduction in cattle. The high producing cattle are more vulnerable to heat stress than the low producing animals. Livestock exhibits a wide range of adaptive mechanisms to cope with environmental challenges. The classical adaptive mechanisms include morphological, behavioral, physiological, neuroendocrine, blood biochemical and cellular responses that act in coordination to promote the welfare and favour their survival in a specific environment. The detailed studies on these adaptive mechanisms have identified respiration rate, rectal temperature, Hb, PCV, cortisol, thyroid hormones to be reliable phenotypic markers and HSP70 as a confirmatory genotypic biomarker to assess the impact of heat stress in dairy cattle.ICAR-NIAN