Energy efficiency of transmit diversity systems under a realistic power consumption model

We compare the downlink energy efficiency of spatial diversity multiple transmit antenna schemes. We determine the minimum required transmit power for a given outage probability. Our analysis shows that antenna selection is in general the most energy efficient option as it requires a single radio-frequency chain. We also investigate the limiting distances up to which the antenna selection technique outperforms the transmit beamforming scheme for different numbers of transmit antennas

A Detection Method for Tropical Race 4 of the Banana Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt, the devastating disease that ruined the ‘Gros Michel’ (AAA)-based banana production in the first half of the 20th century. The occurrence of a new variant in Southeast Asia that overcomes the resistance in Cavendish clones such as ‘Grand Naine’ (AAA) is a major concern to current banana production worldwide. The threat posed by this new variant, called tropical race 4 (TR4), may be overcome by the introduction of resistant cultivars. However, the identification of new resistant sources or breeding for resistance is a long-term effort. Currently, the only option to control the disease is to avoid or reduce the spread of the pathogen by eradication of infected plants and isolation of infested plantations. This requires sensitive and highly specific diagnostics that enable early detection of the pathogen. A two-locus database of DNA sequences, from over 800 different isolates from multiple formae speciales of F. oxysporum, was used to develop a molecular diagnostic tool that specifically detects isolates from the vegetative compatibility group (VCG) 01213, which encompasses the Foc TR4 genotype. This diagnostic tool was able to detect all Foc TR4 isolates tested, while none of the Foc isolates from 19 VCGs other than 01213 showed any reaction. In addition, the developed diagnostic tool was able to detect Foc TR4 when using DNA samples from different tissues of ‘Grand Naine’ plants inoculated with TR4 isolate

A molecular diagnostic for tropical race 4 of the banana

This study analysed genomic variation of the translation elongation factor 1 (TEF-1) and the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the nuclear ribosomal operon of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) isolates, from different banana production areas, representing strains within the known races, comprising 20 vegetative compatibility groups

Improved Transfer-Matrix Schemes of Phenomenological Renormalization

Different phenomenological RG transformations based on scaling relations for the derivatives of the inverse correlation length and singular part of the free-energy density are considered. These transformations are tested on the 2D square Ising and Potts models as well as on the 3D simple-cubic Ising model. Variants of RG equations yielding more accurate results than Nightingale's RG scheme are obtained. In the 2D case the finite-size equations which give the {\it exact} values of the critical point or the critical exponent are found.Comment: LATTICE99(spin), 3 pages, no figures; to be published in Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.

Draft Genome Sequence Of 11399, A Transformable Citrus-pathogenic Strain Of Xylella Fastidiosa

The draft genome of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca strain 11399, a transformable citrus-pathogenic strain, is reported here. The 11399 genome size is 2,690,704 bp and has a G+C content of 52.7%. The draft genome of 11399 reveals the absence of four type I restriction-modification system genes. © 2016 Niza et al.4

The Atp-dependent Rna Helicase Hrpb Plays An Important Role In Motility And Biofilm Formation In Xanthomonas Citri Subsp. Citri

Background: RNA helicases are enzymes that catalyze the separation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) using the free energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis. DEAD/DEAH families participate in many different aspects of RNA metabolism, including RNA synthesis, RNA folding, RNA-RNA interactions, RNA localization and RNA degradation. Several important bacterial DEAD/DEAH-box RNA helicases have been extensively studied. In this study, we characterize the ATP-dependent RNA helicase encoded by the hrpB (XAC0293) gene using deletion and genetic complementation assays. We provide insights into the function of the hrpB gene in Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri by investigating the roles of hrpB in biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces and host leaves, cell motility, host virulence of the citrus canker bacterium and growth in planta. Results: The hrpB gene is highly conserved in the sequenced strains of Xanthomonas. Mutation of the hrpB gene (Δ;hrpB) resulted in a significant reduction in biofilms on abiotic surfaces and host leaves. Δ;hrpB also exhibited increased cell dispersion on solid medium plates. Δ;hrpB showed reduced adhesion on biotic and abiotic surfaces and delayed development in disease symptoms when sprayed on susceptible citrus leaves. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays indicated that deletion of hrpB reduced the expression of four type IV pili genes. The transcriptional start site of fimA (XAC3241) was determined using rapid amplification of 5′-cDNA Ends (5′RACE). Based on the results of fimA mRNA structure predictions, the fimA 5′ UTR may contain three different loops. HrpB may be involved in alterations to the structure of fimA mRNA that promote the stability of fimA RNA. Conclusions: Our data show that hrpB is involved in adherence of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri to different surfaces. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a DEAH RNA helicase has been implicated in the regulation of type IV pili in Xanthomonas. © 2016 Granato et al.16

Characterization of \u3cem\u3eGlomerella\u3c/em\u3e Strains Recovered from Anthracnose Lesions on Common Bean Plants in Brazil

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is an important disease of common bean, resulting in major economic losses worldwide. Genetic diversity of the C. lindemuthianum population contributes to its ability to adapt rapidly to new sources of host resistance. The origin of this diversity is unknown, but sexual recombination, via the Glomerella teleomorph, is one possibility. This study tested the hypothesis that Glomerella strains that are frequently recovered from bean anthracnose lesions represent the teleomorph of C. lindemuthianum. A large collection of Glomerella isolates could be separated into two groups based on phylogenetic analysis, morphology, and pathogenicity to beans. Both groups were unrelated to C. lindemuthianum. One group clustered with the C. gloeosporioides species complex and produced mild symptoms on bean tissues. The other group, which belonged to a clade that included the cucurbit anthracnose pathogen C. magna, caused no symptoms. Individual ascospores recovered from Glomerella perithecia gave rise to either fertile (perithecial) or infertile (conidial) colonies. Some pairings of perithecial and conidial strains resulted in induced homothallism in the conidial partner, while others led to apparent heterothallic matings. Pairings involving two perithecial, or two conidial, colonies produced neither outcome. Conidia efficiently formed conidial anastomosis tubes (CATs), but ascospores never formed CATs. The Glomerella strains formed appressoria and hyphae on the plant surface, but did not penetrate or form infection structures within the tissues. Their behavior was similar whether the beans were susceptible or resistant to anthracnose. These same Glomerella strains produced thick intracellular hyphae, and eventually acervuli, if host cell death was induced. When Glomerella was co-inoculated with C. lindemuthianum, it readily invaded anthracnose lesions. Thus, the hypothesis was not supported: Glomerella strains from anthracnose lesions do not represent the teleomorphic phase of C. lindemuthianum, and instead appear to be bean epiphytes that opportunistically invade and sporulate in the lesions

Efeito de espécies vegetais em bordadura em cebola sobre a densidade populacional de tripes e sirfídeos predadores.

Analisou-se a relação entre o efeito do plantio de diferentes espécies vegetais, em bordadura, na cultura da cebola, Allium cepa L, na incidência de Thrips tabaci Lind. e sirfídeos predadores, Toxomerus spp. O experimento foi conduzido na Epagri, EE de Ituporanga, de agosto a dezembro de 1998. Os tratamentos foram cebola em monocultivo; cebola + trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench); cebola + nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus Metzg.); cebola + cenoura (Daucus carota L., cv. Nantes e cv. Brasília); cebola + milho (Zea mays L.); cebola + rúcula (Eruca sativa L.) + vegetação espontânea. O plantio de diferentes espécies vegetais em bordadura não provocou diferenças significativas na incidência de tripes e sirfídeos predadores. A produtividade comercial de bulbos de cebola foi similar em sistema de monocultivo e diversificado, sugerindo ser possível adotar tais sistemas sem perdas em rendimento

Electromagnetic wave propagation inside a material medium: an effective geometry interpretation

We present a method developed to deal with electromagnetic wave propagation inside a material medium that reacts, in general, non-linearly to the field strength. We work in the context of Maxwell' s theory in the low frequency limit and obtain a geometrical representation of light paths for each case presented. The isotropic case and artificial birefringence caused by an external electric field are analyzed as an application of the formalism and the effective geometry associated to the wave propagation is exhibited.Comment: REVTeX file, 6 pages. Version to appear in Phys. Lett.

Docosahexaenoic Acid Ethyl Esther (dhaee) Microcapsule Production By Spray-drying: Optimization By Experimental Design [obtenção De Microcápsulas Do éster Etílico Do ácido Docosa-hexaenoico (dhaee) Por Atomização: Otimização Através De Planejamento Experimental]

Docosahexaenoic acid is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid with important metabolic activities. Its conjugated double bonds make it susceptible to decomposition. Its stability may be improved through fatty acid entrapment with a spray-drying technique; however, the many parameters involved in this technique must be considered to avoid affecting the final product quality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the entrapment conditions and yields of fish oil enriched with docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester. Microcapsules were obtained from Acacia gum using a spray-drying technique. The experimental samples were analyzed by chromatography and delineated by Statistica software, which found the following optimum entrapment conditions: an inlet temperature of 188 °C; 30% core material; an N 2 flow rate of 55 mm; and a pump flow rate of 12.5 mL/minute. These conditions provided a 66% yield of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in the oil, corresponding to 19.8% of entrapped docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (w/w). This result was considered significant since 30% corresponded to wall material.313589596Ahn, J.H., Optimization of microencapsulation of seed oil by response surface methodology (2008) Food Chemistry, 107, pp. 98-105. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.067Bertolini, A.C., Siani, A.C., Grosso, C.R.F., Stability of monoterpenes of encapsulated in gum arabic by spray drying (2001) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49 (2), pp. 780-785. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf000436y, PMid:11262028Botelho, M.L.R., (1999) Propriedades Físico- Químicas Do Exsudato De Anacardium Occidentale L Para Indústria De Alimentos, , 113 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Quimica)-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1999Buffo, R.A., Reineccius, G.A., Oehlert, G.W., Factors affecting the emulsifying and rheological properties of gum acacia in beverages emulsions (2001) Food Hydrocolloids, 15, pp. 53-66. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0268-005X(00)00050-3Cappi, A., de Jesus, S.S., Maciel, F., Secagem de α-amilase em spray dryer (2001) CONGRESSO INTERNO DE INICIAÇÃO CIENTIFICA DA UNICAMP, 9, p. 2001. , Campinas. Anais... Campinas: UnicampChang, Y.I., Scire, J., Jacobs, B., Effect of particle size and microstructure properties on encapsulated orange oil (1988) Flavor Encapsulation. Washington: American Chemical Society, pp. 87-102. , RISCH, S. J.REINECCIUS,G. A, cap. 10. (ACS Symposium Series 370Chattopadhyaya, S., Singhal, R.S., Kulkarn, P.R., Oxidized starch as gum Arabic substitute for encapsulation of flavours (1998) Carbohydrate Polymers, 37, p. 144. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00054-Xde Paula, R.C.M., Rodrigues, J.F., Composition and rheological properties of cashew tree gum, the exudates polysaccharide from Anacardium occidentale L (1995) Carbohydrate Polymers, 26, pp. 177-181. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00006-Sde Jesus, S.S., (2002) Desenvolvimento E Analise Do Processo De Secagem De [alfa]-amilase Por Microondas a Vácuo, , 161 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Quimica)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2002Dziezak, J.D., A focus on gums. Building in texture, stability, and emulsification are just some of ways in which gums aid product development: Special Report (1991) Food Technology, 45 (3), pp. 116-132Filková, I., Mujumdar, A.S., (1995) Industrial Spray Drying Systems In Handbook of Industrial Drying, p. 742. , New York: Marcel Dekker IncGoubet, I., Quere, J.L., Voilley, A.J., Retention of aroma compounds by carbohydrates: Influence of their physicochemical characteristics and of their physical state. A review (1998) Journal Agricultural of Food Chemistry, 46, pp. 1981-1990. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf970709yInhamuns, A.J., Franco, M.R.B., EPA and DHA quantification in two species of freshwater fish from Central Amazonia (2008) Food Chemistry, 107, pp. 587-591. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.07.032Krabbendam, L., Relationship between DHA status at birth and child problem behaviour at 7 years of age. Prostaglandins (2007) Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 76, pp. 29-34. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2006.09.004, PMid:17074476Lamprecht, A., Schäfer, U., Lehr, C.M., Influences of process parameters on preparation of microparticle used as a carrier system for Ω-3 unsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters used in supplementary nutrition (2001) Journal of Microencapsulation, 18, pp. 347-357. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652040010000433, PMid:11308225Leite, J.T.C., (2001) Obtenção De Extrato De Inulina De Chicória (Cichorium Intybus) Por Abaixamento De Temperatura E Secagem Por Spray Dryer, , 120 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2001Martin, C.A., Ácidos graxos poliinsaturados ômega-3 e ômega-6: Importância e ocorrência em alimentos (2006) Revista De Nutrição, 19 (6), pp. 761-770Narayan, B., Miyashita, K., Hosakawa, M., Physiological effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) - A review (2006) Food Reviews International, 22 (3), pp. 291-307. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87559120600694622Nori, M.A., Ingredientes e aditivos microencapsulados na indústria de alimentos (1996) Engenharia De Alimentos, 1 (6), pp. 33-34Pauletti, M.S., Amestoy, P., Butter microencapsulation as affected by composition of wall material and fat (1999) Journal of Food Science, 64, pp. 279-282. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15882.xRé, M.I., Microencapsulation by spray drying (1998) Drying Technology, 16 (6), pp. 1195-1236. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939808917460Ré, M.I., Microencapsulação: Em busca de produtos' inteligentes (2000) Ciência Hoje, 27 (162), pp. 24-29Robbers, J.E., Speedie, M.K., Tyler, V.E., (1997) Farmacognosia E Farmacobiotecnologia, p. 372. , Tradução de Benedetti, I. C. Supervisão Científica de Bastos, J. K. e outros. 1 a ed., Editorial Premier. São PauloRodrigues, R.A.F., (2004) Preparo, Caracterização E Avaliação Functional De Microcápsulas Obtidas Por Spray Drying, Contendo Extrato De Café Crioconcentrado, , 239 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia de Alimentos)-Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 2004Seaton, T., The Omega 3 Explosion (2006) Nutraceuticals World MagazineShahidi, F., Wanasundara, U.N., Omega 3-fatty acids: Nutritional aspects and production technologies (1998) Trends Food Science Technology, 9, pp. 230-240. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(98)00044-2, PMid:21299575Shahidi, F., Han, X., Encapsulation of food ingredients (1993) Boca Raton, 33 (6), pp. 501-547. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408399309527645, Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition PMid:8216812Simopoulos, A.P., Omega-3 fatty acids in wild plants, nuts and seeds (2002) Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11 (6), pp. 163-173. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.11.s.6.5.xUauy, R., Valenzuela, A., Marine oils: The health benefits of n-3 fatty acids (2000) Nutrition, 6 (7-8), pp. 680-684. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00326-9Wareing, M.V., (1997) Exudate Gums, pp. 87-118. , IMESON, A. Thickening and gelling agents for food. 2th ed. London: Blackie Academic & Professional, Chapman & HallWendel, S., Çelik, M., Uma visão geral sobre o uso da tecnologia de Spray-Drying (1998) Pharmaceutical Technology, pp. 31-45Zakaria, M.B., Rahman, Z.A., Rheological properties of cashew gum (1996) Carbohydrate Polymers, 29 (1), pp. 25-27. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-8617(95)00132-