Investigation of the Liverpool Bay mixing front using POLCOMS

Liverpool Bay, northwest UK, is a region of freshwater influence and hypertidal conditions. The river inflow from the 3 large estuary systems (Dee, Mersey and Ribble) forms a coastal front that moves < 10 km in response to semi-diurnal tidal straining and < 35 km due to the spring-neap cycle. The time variability of the density gradients in this coastal region are mainly controlled by salinity. Coastal observations are used in this study to improve the numerical simulation of the exchange process occurring at this front through improved spatial structure and temporal variability. A decade of Conductivity Temperature Depth (CTD) sensor observations were collected during cruises across a nearshore grid of monitoring stations. These data are used in addition to fixed mooring data that are near-continuous in time to validate numerical simulations using the 1-way nested Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modelling System (POLCOMS) at ~1.8km and 180m horizontal resolution. A downscaled simulation is used to investigate the influence of model resolution, inclusion of wetting and drying, diffusivity, turbulence advection and the influence of model boundary and initial conditions for select cruise periods in 2008. This year is chosen as a typical year with periods of calm and stormy conditions with variable river influence to investigate the seasonal frontal structure. A method to validate the spatial structure of the front is presented demonstrating the importance of a fine-resolution grid and improved physics to capture the details

Parameterization of intrawave ripple-averaged sediment pickup above steep ripples

Near-bed sediment pickup is critical for predictions of intrawave suspension and in turn net sediment transport in coastal models. In the present study, numerical results from a two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model are used to assess the functional relationship of intrawave ripple-averaged sediment pickup above steep ripples. The numerical model provides intrawave time histories of ripple-averaged near-bed velocities and turbulence, which are qualitatively interrogated to determine pickup functional relationships. Several specific sediment pickup formulations are implemented within the numerical model: expressions relating pickup to near-bed velocity or near-bed turbulent kinetic energy via the bed shear stress; and expressions relating pickup to near-bed shear production of turbulent kinetic energy. These are then tested via model-data comparisons of near-bed suspended sediment concentration. The results show that the traditional functions relating sediment pickup to near-bed velocity cannot lead to reasonable intrawave suspension predictions above vortex ripples under a ripple-averaged framework. Instead, relating sediment pickup to near-bed turbulence quantities, such as turbulent kinetic energy or shear production of turbulent kinetic energy, significantly improves the numerical predictions for these conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Linkage between lateral circulation and near-surface vertical mixing in a coastal plain estuary

Microstructure and current velocity measurements were collected at a cross-channel transect in the James River under spring and neap tidal conditions in May 2010 to study cross-estuary variations in vertical mixing. Results showed that near-surface mixing was related to lateral circulation during the ebb phase of a tidal cycle, and that the linkage was somewhat similar from neap to spring tides. During neap tides, near-surface mixing was generated by the straining of lateral density gradients influenced by the advection of fresh, riverine water on the right side (looking seaward) of the transect. Spring tide results revealed similar findings on the right side of the cross section. However, on the left side, the straining by velocity shears acted in concert with density straining. Weak along-estuary velocities over the left shoal were connected to faster velocities in the channel via a clockwise lateral circulation (looking seaward). These results provided evidence that in the absence of direct wind forcing, near-surface vertical mixing can occur from mechanisms uncoupled from bottom friction

Arabidopsis in the wild—the effect of seasons on seed performance

Climate changes play a central role in the adaptive life histories of organisms all over the world. In higher plants, these changes may impact seed performance, both during seed development and after dispersal. To examine the plasticity of seed performance as a response to environmental fluctuations, eight genotypes known to be affected in seed dormancy and longevity were grown in the field in all seasons of two years. Soil and air temperature, day length, precipitation, and sun hours per day were monitored. We show that seed performance depends on the season. Seeds produced by plants grown in the summer, when the days began to shorten and the temperature started to decrease, were smaller with deeper dormancy and lower seed longevity compared to the other seasons when seeds were matured at higher temperature over longer days. The performance of seeds developed in the different seasons was compared to seeds produced in controlled conditions. This revealed that plants grown in a controlled environment produced larger seeds with lower dormancy than those grown in the field. All together the results show that the effect of the environment largely overrules the genetic effects, and especially, differences in seed dormancy caused by the different seasons were larger than the differences between the genotypes.</p

Aceitabilidade do sabor do iogurte de "leite de soja" adicionado de leite de vaca em vários sabores

A study was made of the acceptability of the flavor of soybean milk ioghurt, to which 15% of cow's milk in several flavors was added. All the ten experimented flavors gane the product aceptable flavors, at the "liked regularly" acceptability degree of the hedonic scale.Estudou-se, neste trabalho, a aceitabilidade do sabor do iogurte de "leite de soja" adicionado de leite de vaca em vários sabores, nos teores de 85% de "leite de soja" e 15% de leite de vaca. Todos os dez saborizantes experimentados proporcionaram ao produto sabor aceitável e no grau de aceitabilidade "gostei regularmente"

Melanoma Ganglionic Metastasis 30 Years After Treatment Of The Primary Tumor--a Case Report.

The recurrence of melanoma in patients is well-documented, and is dependent on a number of factors. We report a case in which a patient had a case of ganglionar metastasis in the neck after a 30-year disease-free interval following primary treatment.11421131113

Synthesis, structural and physical properties of δ′\delta'-FeSe1−x_{1-x}

We report on synthesis, structural characterization, resistivity, magnetic and thermal expansion measurements on the as yet unexplored $\delta'$-phase of FeSe$_{1-x}$, here synthesized under ambient- (AP) and high-pressure (HP) conditions. We show that in contrast to $\beta$-FeSe$_{1-x}$, monophasic superconducting $\delta'$-FeSe$_{1-x}$ can be obtained in off-stoichiometric samples with excess Fe atoms preferentially residing in the van der Waals gap between the FeSe layers. The AP $\delta'$-FeSe$_{1-x}$ sample studied here ($T_c$ $\simeq$ 8.5\,K) possesses an unprecedented residual resistivity ratio RRR $\simeq$ 16. Thermal expansion data reveal a small feature around $\sim$90\,K, which resembles the anomaly observed at the structural and magnetic transitions for other Fe-based superconductors, suggesting that some kind of "magnetic state" is formed also in FeSe. %indicative of a fluctuating magnetic ordering. For HP samples (RRR $\simeq$ 3), the disorder within the FeSe layers is enhanced through the introduction of vacancies, the saturated magnetic moment of Fe is reduced and only spurious superconductivity is observed.Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, published versio

Distribution of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

Entre os anos de 2004 e 2008 foram realizadas coletas de Simuliidae em várias localidades no Estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil. No total, 66 córregos e rios das doze principais bacias hidrográficas do estado foram amostrados. Dezessete espécies foram coletadas, sendo que nove delas representam ocorrências novas para o estado (Simulium pertinax, S. jujuyense, S. rubrithorax, S. subnigrum, S. travassosi, S. spinibranchium, S. hirtipupa, S. lutzianum e S. anamariae), duplicando o número de espécies conhecidas no estado.We conducted a freshwater survey from 2004 to 2008 in several localities of Espírito Santo, Brazil. In total, 66 streams and rivers were sampled in the 12 hydrographic basins of the state. We collected and identified 17 species of which nine represent new records (Simulium pertinax, S. jujuyense, S. rubrithorax, S. subnigrum, S. travassosi, S. spinibranchium, S. hirtipupa, S. lutzianum e S. anamariae). These findings doubled the number of records of black fly species to the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil