Characterisation Of Ac1: A Naturally Decaffeinated Coffee [caracterização De Ac1: Um Café Naturalmente Descafeinado]

We compared the biochemical characteristics of the beans of a naturally decaffeinated Arabica coffee (AC1) discovered in 2004 with those of the widely grown Brazilian Arabica cultivar "Mundo Novo" (MN). Although we observed differences during fruit development, the contents of amino acids, organic acids, chlorogenic acids, soluble sugars and trigonelline were similar in the ripe fruits of AC1 and MN. AC1 beans accumulated theobromine, and caffeine was almost entirely absent. Tests on the supply of [2-14C] adenine and enzymatic analysis of theobromine synthase and caffeine synthase in the endosperm of AC1 confirmed that, as in the leaves, caffeine synthesis is blocked during the methylation of theobromine to caffeine. The quality of the final coffee beverage obtained from AC1 was similar to that of MN.712143154Abrahão, S.A., Pereira, R.G.F.A., Lima, A.R., Ferreira, E.B., Malta, M., Compostos bioativos em café integral e descafeinado e qualidade sensorial da bebida (2008) Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 43, pp. 1799-1804Alcázar, A., Fernández-Cáceres, P.L., Matín, M.J., Pablos, F., González, A.G., Ion chromatographic determination of some organic acids, chloride and phosphate in coffee and tea (2003) Talanta, 61, pp. 95-101Arnold, U., Ludwig, E., Analysis of free amino acids in green coffee beans II. changes of the amino acid content in arabica coffees in connection with post-harvest model treatment (1996) Zeitschrift Für Lebensmitteluntersuchung Und - Forschung A, 203, pp. 379-384Ashihara, H., Metabolism of alkaloids in coffee plants (2006) Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18, pp. 1-8Ashihara, H., Monteiro, A.M., Gillies, F.M., Crozier, A., Biosynthesis of caffeine in leaves of coffee (1996) Plant Physiology, 111, pp. 747-753Ashihara, H., Monteiro, A.M., Moritz, T., Gillies, F.M., Crozier, A., Catabolism of caffeine and related purine alkaloids in leaves of Coffea arabica L (1996) Planta, 198, pp. 334-339Ashihara, H., Sano, H., Crozier, A., Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: Biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering (2008) Phytochemistry, 69, pp. 833-1076Baumann, T.W., Some thoughts on the physiology of caffeine in coffee - and a glimpse of metabolic profiling (2006) Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, V, 18, pp. 243-251Bradford, M.M., Rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing principle of protein-dye binding (1976) Analytical Biochemistry, 72, pp. 248-254Campa, C., Ballester, J.F., Doulbeau, S., Dussert, S., Hamon, S., Noirot, M., Trigonelline and sucrose diversity in wild Coffea species (2004) Food Chemistry, 88, pp. 39-43Carvalho, A., Variability of the niacin content in coffee (1962) Nature, 194, p. 1096Carvalho, A., Medina, H.P., Fazuoli, F.L.C., Filho, G.O., Lima, M.M.A., Aspectos genéticos do cafeeiro (1991) Revista Brasileira De Genética, 14, pp. 135-183Casal, S., Mendes, E., Oliveira, M.B.P.P., Ferreira, M.A., Roast effects on coffee amino acid enantiomers (2005) Food Chemistry, 89, pp. 333-340Clifford, M.N., Chemical and physical aspects of green coffee and coffee products (1985) Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage, pp. 305-374. , CLIFFORD, M.N.WILSON, K.C. (Ed.), Westport, Connecticut: AVI PublishingClifford, M.N., Chlorogenic acids (1985) Coffee Chemistry, 1, pp. 153-202. , CLARKE, R.J.MACRAE, R. (Ed.), London, New York: Elsevier Applied ScienceClifford, M.N., Kirkpatrick, J., Kuhnert, N., Roozendaal, H., Salgado, P.R., LC-MSn analysis of the cis isomers of chlorogenic acids (2008) Food Chemistry, 106, pp. 379-385Cocking, E.C., Yemm, E.W., Estimation of amino acids by ninhydrin (1954) Analyst, 80, pp. 209-213Cohen, J.M., Dawson, R., Koketsu, M., (1980) Technical Report: Extent-of-exposure Survey of Methylene Chloride, , Washington, DC: U.S.D.o.H.a.H. Services, DHHS-NIOSH, Publ. No. 80-131Crozier, T.W.M., Stalmach, A., Lean, M.E.J., Crozier, A., Espresso coffees, caffeine and chlorogenic acid intake: Potential health implications (2012) Food & Function, 3, pp. 30-33Decastro, R.D., Marraccini, P., Cytology, biochemistry and molecular changes during coffee fruit development (2006) Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18, pp. 175-199Dias, P.C., Araujo, W.L., Moraes, G.A.B.K., Barros, R.S., Damatta, F.M., Morphological and physiological responses of two coffee progenies to soil water availability (2007) Journal of Plant Physiology, 164, pp. 1639-1647Farah, A., Donangelo, C.M., Phenolic compounds in coffee (2006) Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18, pp. 23-36Farah, A., Monteiro, M.C., Calado, V., Franca, A.S., Trugo, L.C., Correlation between cup quality and chemical attributes of Brazilian coffee (2006) Food Chemistry, 98, pp. 373-380Farah, A., Paulis, T.D., Moreira, D.P., Trugo, L.C., Martin, P.R., Chlorogenic acids and lactones in regular and water-decaffeinated Arabica coffees (2006) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, pp. 374-381Ferreira, D.F., (2000) Sistema De Análises De Variância Para Dados Balanceados, , Lavras: UFLA, SISVAR 4. 1. pacote computacionalGeromel, C., Ferreira, L.P., Bonatelli, M.L., Bottcher, A., Pot, D., Pereira, L.F.P., Leroy, T., Mazzafera, P., Sucrose metabolism during fruit development of Coffea racemosa (2008) Annals of Applied Biology, 152, pp. 179-187Geromel, C., Ferreira, L.P., Cavalari, A.A., Pereira, L.F.P., Guerreiro, S.M.C., Vieira, L.G.E., Leroy, T., Marraccini, P., Biochemical and genomic analysis of sucrose metabolism during coffee (Coffea arabica) fruit development (2006) Journal of Experimental Botany, 57, pp. 3243-3258Geromel, C., Ferreira, L.P., Davrieux, F., Guyot, B., Ribeyre, F., Brígida dos Santos Scholz, M., Protasio, P.L.F., Marraccini, P., Effects of shade on the development and sugar metabolism of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) fruits (2008) Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 46, pp. 569-579Hamidi, A., Wanner, H., The distribution pattern of chlorogenic acid and caffeine in Coffea arabica (1964) Planta, 61, pp. 90-96Jarret, H.W., Coosky, K.D., Ellis, B., Anderson, J.M., The separation of o-phtalaldehyde derivatives of amino acids by reversed-phase chromatography on octylsilica column (1986) Analytical Biochemistry, 153, pp. 189-198Kato, M., Kanehara, T., Shimizu, H., Suzuki, T., Gillies, F.M., Crozier, A., Ashihara, H., Caffeine biosynthesis in young leaves of Cammelia sinensis: In vitro studies on N-methyltransferase activity involved in the conversion of xanthosine to caffeine (1996) Physiologia Plantarum, 98, pp. 629-636Kato, M., Mizuno, K., Caffeine synthase and related methyltransferases in plants (2004) Frontiers In Bioscience, 9, pp. 1833-1842Koshiro, Y., Zheng, X.-Q., Wang, M.-L., Nagai, C., Ashihara, H., Changes in content and biosynthetic activity of caffeine and trigonelline during growth and ripening of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora fruits (2006) Plant Science, 171, pp. 242-250Krug, C.A., Carvalho, A., Antunes, F.H., Genética de Coffea. XXI. Hereditariedade dos característicos de Coffea arabica L. var. Laurina (Smeathman) DC (1954) Bragantia, 13, pp. 247-255Ky, C.L., Louarn, J., Dussert, S., Guyot, B., Hamon, S., Noirot, M., Caffeine, trigonelline, chlorogenic acid and sucrose diversity in wild Coffea arabica L. and C. canephora P. accessions (2001) Food Chemistry, 75, pp. 223-230Maluf, M.P., Silva, C.C., Oliveira, M.D.A., Tavares, A.G., Silvarolla, M.B., Guerreiro, F.O., Altered expression of the caffeine synthase gene in a naturally caffeine-free mutant of Coffea arabica (2009) Genetics and Molecular Biology, 32, pp. 802-810Mazzafera, P., Baumann, T.W., Shimizu, M.M., Silvarolla, M.B., Decaf and the steeplechase towards Decaffito-the coffee from caffeine-free Arabica plants (2009) Tropical Plant Biology, 2, pp. 63-76Mazzafera, P., Carvalho, A., (1991) A Cafeína Do Café. Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, pp. 1-22. , Documentos IAC, 25Mazzafera, P., Carvalho, A., Breeding for low seed caffeine content of coffee (Coffea L.) by interspecific hybridization (1992) Euphytica, 59, pp. 55-60Mazzafera, P., Crozier, A., Sandberg, G., Studies on the metabolic control of caffeine turnover in developing endosperms and leaves of Coffea arabica and Coffea dewevrei (1994) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 42, pp. 1423-1427Mazzafera, P., Wingsle, G., Olsson, O., Sandberg, G., S-adenosyl-L-methionine:Theobromine 1-N-methyltransferase, an enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of caffeine in coffee (1994) Phytochemistry, 37, pp. 1577-1584Mazzafera, P., Silvarolla, M.B., Lima, M.M.A., Medina, F.H.P., Caffeine content of diploid coffee species (1997) Ciência E Cultura, 49, pp. 216-218Mendes, A.J.T., Cytological observations in Coffea. VI. Embryo and endosperm development in Coffea arabica L (1941) American Journal of Botany, 28, pp. 784-789Mizuno, K., Okuda, A., Kato, M., Yoneyama, N., Tanaka, H., Ashihara, H., Fujimura, T., Isolation of a new dual-functional caffeine synthase gene encoding an enzyme for the conversion of 7-methylxanthine to caffeine from coffee (Coffea arabica L.) (2003) FEBS Letters, 534, pp. 75-81Murkovic, M., Derler, K., Analysis of amino acids and carbohydrates in green coffee (2006) Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, 69, pp. 25-32Nagai, C., Rakotomalala, J.J., Katahira, R., Li, Y., Yamagata, K., Ashihara, H., Production of a new low-caffeine hybrid coffee and the biochemical mechanism of low caffeine accumulation (2008) Euphytica, 164, pp. 133-142Page, B.D., Charbonneau, C.F., Headspace gas chromatographic determination of methylene chloride in decaffeinated tea and coffe, with electrolytic conductivity detection (1984) Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 67, pp. 757-761Rogers, W.J., Michaux, S., Bastin, M., Bucheli, P., Changes to the content of sugars, sugar alcohols, myo-inositol, carboxylic acids and inorganic anions in developing grains from different varieties of robusta (Coffea canephora) and arabica (C. arabica) coffees (1999) Plant Science, 149, pp. 115-123Silvarolla, M.B., Mazzafera, P., Fazuoli, L.C., A naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee (2004) Nature, 429, p. 826Silvarolla, M.B., Mazzafera, P., Lima, M.M.A., Caffeine content of Ethiopian Coffea arabica beans (2000) Genetics and Molecular Biology, 23, pp. 213-215Silvarolla, M.B., Mazzafera, P., Lima, M.M.A., Medina, F.H.P., Fazuoli, L.C., Ploidy level and caffeine content in leaves of Coffea (1999) Scientia Agricola, 56, pp. 661-663Toci, A., Farah, A., Trugo, L.C., Efeito do processo de descafeinação com diclorometano sobre a composição química dos cafés arábica e robusta antes e após a torração (2006) Química Nova, 29, pp. 965-971Yoneyama, N., Morimoto, H., Ye, C.-X., Ashihara, H., Mizuno, K., Kato, M., Substrate specificity of N-methyltransferase involved in purine alkaloids synthesis is dependent upon one amino acid residue of the enzyme (2006) Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 275, pp. 125-135Zheng, X.-Q., Ashihara, H., Distribution, biosynthesis and function of purine and pyridine alkaloids in Coffea arabica seedlings (2004) Plant Science, 166, pp. 807-81

Decaf And The Steeplechase Towards Decaffito-the Coffee From Caffeine-free Arabica Plants

Unquestionably, the popularity of the coffee beverage relies on its alerting attribute caffeine. However, susceptibilities to this purine alkaloid, quite frequently associated with health concerns, encouraged a significant market for decaffeinated coffee. The beans of Coffea arabica render the best beverage and a decaffeinated coffee has to preserve the desired organoleptic characteristics of this species. Consequently, besides technical removal of caffeine, the endeavors to attain a decaffeinated Arabica coffee range from traditional studies on genetic variability to advanced techniques to produce genetic modified coffee. The aim of this review is to recover part of this subject focusing mainly on the natural genetic variation for caffeine content in Arabica. We also present historical information about caffeine discovery and briefly discuss molecular approaches to reduce caffeine. We introduce here the term decaffito for coffee derived from Arabica plants with beans naturally low in or almost devoid of caffeine. In the near future, coffee drinkers avoiding caffeine will have the choice between basically three Arabica coffees, namely decaffeinated by (a) selection and breeding, (b) genetic modification and (c) industrial extraction. Although only the last decaf coffee is available for the consumers, we believe that the size of the market of each type will occupy in the future depend on the price and health aspects related to the way the decaffeinated coffee beans are obtained. © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009.226376Akaffou, D.S., Ky, C.L., Barre, P., Identification and mapping of a major gene (Ft1) involved in fructification time in the interspecific cross Coffea pseudozanguebariae C. liberica var. Dewevrei: Impact on caffeine content and seed weight (2003) Theor Appl Gen, 106, pp. 1486-1490Almeida, J.A.S., Silvarolla, M.B., Fazuoli, L.C., Embriogênese somática em genótipos de Coffea arabica L (2008) Coffee Sci, 3, pp. 143-151Alvarez, J.H., Cortina, H.A., Villegas, J.F., Metodo para evaluar antixenosis at Hypothnemus hampei en cafe, bajo condiciones controladas (2002) Cenicafé, 53, pp. 49-59Anderson, L., Gibbs, M., The biosynthesis of caffeine in the coffee plant (1962) J Biol Chem, 237, pp. 1941-1944Anft B (1937) Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge-sein Leben und sein Werk. Friedrich-Wilhelms-UniversitätAngelucci, E., (1982) Análise química do café, , Campinas: Instituto de Tecnologia de AlimentosAnthony, F., Clifford, M.N., Noirot, M., Biochemical diversity in the genus Coffea L.: Chlorogenic acids, caffeine and mozambioside contents (1993) Gen Res Crop Evol, 40, pp. 61-70Anthony, F., Bertrand, B., Quiros, O., Genetic diversity of wild coffee (Coffea arabica L.) using molecular markers (2001) Euphytica, 118, pp. 53-65Anzueto, F., Bertrand, B., Sarah, J.L., Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Ethiopian Coffea arabica accessions (2001) Euphytica, 118, pp. 1-8Aranda, J.V., Louridas, A.T., Vitullo, B.B., Metabolism of theophylline to caffeine in human fetal liver (1979) Science, 206, pp. 1319-1321Ashihara, H., Crozier, A., Biosynthesis and catabolism of caffeine in low-caffeine-containing species of Coffea (1999) J Agric Food Chem, 47, pp. 3425-3431Ashihara, H., Crozier, A., Biosynthesis and metabolism of caffeine and related purine alkaloids in plants (1999) Adv Bot Res, 30, pp. 117-205Ashihara, H., Crozier, A., Caffeine: A well known but little mentioned compound in plant science (2001) Trends Plant Sci, 6, pp. 407-413Ashihara, H., Suzuki, T., Distribution and biosynthesis of caffeine in plants (2004) Frontiers Biosci, 9, pp. 1864-1876Ashihara, H., Sano, H., Crozier, A., Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: Biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering (2008) Phytochemistry, 69, pp. 841-856Azevedo, A.B.A., Mazzafera, P., Mohamed, R.S., Extraction of caffeine, chlorogenic acids and lipids from green coffee beans using supercritical carbon dioxide and co-solvents (2008) Braz J Chem Eng, 25, pp. 543-552Barre, P., Akaffou, S., Louarn, J., Inheritance of caffeine and heteroside contents in an interspecific cross between a cultivated coffee species Coffea liberica var dewevrei and a wild species caffeine-free C. pseudozanguebariae (1998) Theor App Gen, 96, pp. 306-311Baumann, T.W., (1987) How microorganisms may help to select coffee beans with desired traits, , Montreux: XII International Conference on Coffee ScienceBaumann, T.W., Some thoughts on the physiology of caffeine in coffee-and a glimpse of metabolic profiling (2006) Braz J Plant Physiol, 18, pp. 243-251Baumann, T.W., Dupont-Looser, E., Wanner, H., 7-Methylxanthosine-an intermediate in caffeine biosynthesis (1978) Phytochemistry, 17, pp. 2075-2076Baumann, T.W., Koetz, R., Morath, P., N-Methyltransferase activities in suspension cultures of Coffea arabica L (1983) Plant Cell Rep, 2, pp. 33-35Bayer, C., Fay, M.F., De Bruijn, A.E., Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: A combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences (1999) Bot J Linnean Soc, 129, pp. 267-303Begum, B., Hasan, C.M., Rashid, M.A., Caffeine from the mature leaves of Coffea bengalensis (2003) Biochem System Ecol, 31, pp. 1219-1230Bettencourt, A.J., Rodrigues Jr., C.J., Principles and practice of coffee breeding for resistance to rust and other diseases (1988) Coffee: Agronomy, , R. J. Clarke and R. McRae (Eds.), London: Elsevier Applied ScienceBory, C., Baltassat, P., Porthault, M., Metabolism of theophylline to caffeine in premature newborn-infants (1979) J Pediatr, 94, pp. 988-993Bravi, F., Bosetti, C., Tavani, A., Coffee drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: A meta analysis (2007) Hepatology, 46, pp. 430-435Buchanan, J.M., Hartman, S.C., Enzymatic reactions in the synthesis of purines (1959) Adv Enzymol, 21, pp. 199-261Bussemas, H.H., Harsch, G., Ettre, L.S., Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge (1794-1867): Self-grown pictures as precursors of paper chromatography (1994) Chromatografia, 38, pp. 243-254Cadden, I.S.H., Partovi, N., Yoshida, E.M., Review article: Possible beneficial effects of coffee on liver disease and function (2007) Alim Pharmacol Ther, 26, pp. 1-7Campa, C., Doulbeau, S., Dussert, S., Diversity in bean caffeine content among wild Coffea species: Evidence of a discontinuous distribution (2005) Food Chem, 91, pp. 633-637Carvalho, A., Histórico do desenvolvimento do cultivo do café no Brasil (1993) Documentos IAC, 34, pp. 1-7Carvalho, A., Fazuoli, L.C., Café (1993) O Melhoramento de Plantas no Instituto Agronômico, , 1, A. M. C. Furlani, G. P. Viégas (Eds.), Campinas: Instituto Agronômico, Secretaria da Agricultura de São PauloCarvalho, A., Monaco, L.C., Genetic relationships of selected Coffea species (1967) Ciên Cult, 19, pp. 151-165Carvalho, A., Tango, J.S., Monaco, L.C., Genetic control of the caffeine content of coffee (1965) Nature, 205, p. 314Carvalho A, Fazuoli LC, Levy FA et al (1983a). Observações sobre característica dos frutos de introduções da Etiópia. X Congresso Brasileiro de Pesquisas Cafeeiras, Poços de Caldas (MG), resumos, pp 90-92Carvalho, A., Sondähl, M.R., Sloman, C., (1983) Teor de cafeína em seleções de café, , Poços de Caldas: X Congresso Brasileiro de Pesquisas CafeeirasCarvalho, A., Fazuoli, L.C., Mazzafera, P., Melhoramento do cafeeiro. XIII. Produtividade de populações derivadas da hibridação dos cultivares Laurina e Mundo Novo de C. arabica (1988) Bragantia, 47, pp. 213-222Carvalho, A., Medina, H.P., Filho, F.L.C., Aspectos genéticos do cafeeiro (1991) Rev bras Genet, 14, pp. 135-183Castillo-Zapata, J., Parra-Hernández, J., Exploración en el contenido de cafeína, grasas y sólidos solubles en 113 "introduciones" de cafe (1973) Cenicafé, 24, pp. 3-22http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0302/coffee.htm, Castle TJ (2002) Decaf dialogue. Tea Coffee Trade J online 176Chang, J., Gotcher, S., Gushaw, J.B., Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for theophylline in serum and plasma (1982) Clin Chem, 28, pp. 361-367Charrier, A., (1978) La structure génétique des caféiers spontanés de la région Malgache (Mascarocoffea). Leurs relations avec les caféiers d'origine africaine (Eucoffea), , Paris: ORSTOMCharrier, A., Berthaud, J., Variation de la teneur en caféine dans le genre Coffea (1975) Café Cacao Thé, 19, pp. 251-264Charrier, A., Berthaud, J., Botanical classification of coffee (1985) Coffee: Botany, biochemistry and production of beans end beverage, , M. N. Clifford and K. C. Wilson (Eds.), Westport: AviChen, H.W., Zenobi, R., Direct analysis of living objects by extractive electrospray mass ionization spectrometry (2007) Chimia, 61, pp. 843-843Chen, H.W., Sun, Y.P., Wortmann, A., Differentiation of maturity and quality of fruit using noninvasive extractive electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2007) Anal Chem, 79, pp. 1447-1455Chevalier A (1947) Les caféiers du globe, fasc. 3: systématique des caféiers et faux-caféiers, maladies et insectes nuisibles. ParisClifford, M.N., Williams, T., Bridson, D., Chlorogenic acids and caffeine as possible taxonomic criteria in Coffea and Psilanthus (1989) Phytochemistry, 28, pp. 829-838Clifford, M.N., Gibson, C.L., Rakotomalala, J.-J., Caffeine from green beans of Mascarocoffea (1991) Phytochemistry, 30, pp. 4039-4040Crepet, W.L., Nixon, K.C., Gandolfo, M.A., Fossil evidence and phylogeny: The age of major angiosperm clades based from mesofossil and macrofossil evidence from Creataceous deposits (2004) Am J Bot, 91, pp. 1666-1682Daly, J.W., Caffeine analogs: Biomedical impact (2007) Cell Mol Life Sci, 64, pp. 2153-2169Davis, A.P., Govaerts, R., Bridson, D.M., AnAn annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae) (2006) Bot J Linn Soc, 152, pp. 465-512de Araujo, E.F., de Queiroz, L.P., Machado, M.A., What is citrus? Taxonomic implications from a study of cp-DNA evolution in the tribe Citreae (Rutaceae subfamily Aurantioideae) (2003) Organ Diver Evol, 3, pp. 55-62Dórea, J.G., Costa, T.H.M., Is coffee a functional food? (2005) Br J Nutr, 93, pp. 773-782Duarte, C., Sur leurs teneurs en eau et en caféine des cafés de iles de S. Tomé et du Prince (1930) Anais Inst Sup Agron Portugal, 4, pp. 20-27Ducruix A, Pascard-Billy C, Hammoniere M et al (1975) X-ray structure of mascaroside, a new bitter glycoside from coffee beans. J Chem Soc, Chem Commun 396Fischer, E., Ueber die Constitution des Caffeïns, Xanthins, Hypoxanthins und verwandter Basen (1897) Ber d deutsch chem Gesellschaft, 30, pp. 549-559Fischer, E., Ach, L., Synthese des Caffeïns (1895) Ber d deutsch chem Gesellschaft, 28, pp. 3135-3143Fredholm, B.B., Caffeine as an adenosine receptor antagonist (2004) Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 14, pp. S156-S157Fredholm, B.B., Bättig, K., Holmén, J., Actions of caffeine in the brain with special reference to factors that contribute to its widespread use (1999) Pharmacol Rev, 51, pp. 83-133Frischknecht, P.M., Baumann, T.W., The pattern of purine alkaloid formation in suspension cultures of Coffea arabica (1980) Planta Medica, 40, pp. 245-249Geraets, L., Moonen, H.J.J., Wouters, E.F.M., Caffeine metabolites are inhibitors of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 at physiological concentrations (2006) Biochem Pharmacol, 72, pp. 902-910Geromel, C., Ferreira, L.P., Cavalari, A.A., Biochemical and genomic analysis of sucrose metabolism during coffee (Coffea arabica) fruit development (2006) J Exp Bot, 57, pp. 3243-3258Guerreiro Filho, O., Mazzafera, P., Caffeine and resistance of coffee to the berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) (2003) J Agric Food Chem, 51, pp. 6987-6991Gushaw, J.B., Hu, M.W., Miller, J.G., Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for theophylline in serum (1977) Clin Chem, 23, p. 1144. , (Abstract)Hammer, K., Arrowsmith, N., Gladis, T., Agrobiodiversity with emphasis on plant genetic resources (2003) Naturrwissenschaften, 90, pp. 241-250Harmsen, M.M., De Haard, H.J., Properties, production, and applications of camelid single-domain antibody fragments (2007) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 77, pp. 13-22Heilmann, W., Decaffeination of coffee (2001) Coffee recent developments, , R. J. Clarke and O. G. Vitzthum (Eds.), Oxford, UK: Blackwell SciencesHein, L., Gatzweiler, F., The economic value of coffee (Coffea arabica) genetic resources (2006) Ecol Econ, 60, pp. 176-185Helgeson, C., Hu, M.W.K.C., A homogeneous enzyme-immunoassay for caffeine in serum (1983) Clin Chem, 29, p. 1275. , (Abstract)Higdon, J.V., Frei, B., Coffee and health: A review of recent human research (2006) Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 46, pp. 101-123Holscher, W., Rohkaffeebehandlung im Verbraucherland (2005) Kaffee-Die Zukunft, , J. B. Rothfos and H. Lange (Eds.), Hamburg: Behr's VerlagInoue, T., Adachi, F., Studies on biogenesis of tea components. III. The origin of the methylgroups in caffeine (1962) Chem Pharm Bull, 10, pp. 1212-1214http://www.teaandcoffee.net/0903/world.htm, Jones HC (2003) Brazil decaf market survey unveiled. Tea Coffee Trade J online 177Kato, M., Mizuno, K., Caffeine synthase and related methyltransferases in plants (2004) Frontiers Biosci, 9, pp. 1833-1842Kato, M., Mizuno, K., Fujimura, T., Purification and characterization of caffeine synthase from tea leaves (1999) Plant Physiol, 120, pp. 579-586Kato, M., Mizuno, K., Crozier, A., Caffeine synthase gene from tea leaves (2000) Nature, 406, pp. 956-957Katz, S.N., Decaffeination of coffee (1985) Coffee, , 2, R. J. Clarke and R. Macrae (Eds.), London: Technology, Elsevier Applied ScienceKremers, R.E., Speculation on DPN as a biochemical precursor of caffeine and trigonelline in coffee (1954) J Am Pharm Assoc, 43, pp. 423-424Krug, C.A., Mendes, J.E.T., Carvalho, A., Taxonomia de Coffea arabica L.: Descrição de variedades e formas encontradas no Estado de São Paulo (1938) Bol Inst Agronom Campinas, 62, pp. 1-57Kushalappa, A.C., Eskes, A.B., Advances in coffee rust research (1989) Annu Rev Phytopathol, 27, pp. 503-531Ky, C.L., Louarn, J., Dussert, S., Caffeine, trigonelline, chlorogenic acid and sucrose diversity in wild Coffea arabica L. and C. canephora P. accessions (2001) Food Chem, 75, pp. 223-230Ladenson, R.C., Crimmins, D.L., Landt, Y., Isolation and characterization of a thermally stable recombinant anti-caffeine heavy-chain antibody fragment (2006) Anal Chem, 78, pp. 4501-4508Larsson, S.C., Wolk, A., Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: A meta-analysis (2007) Gastroenterology, 132, pp. 1740-1745Lashermes, P., Combes, M.-C., Robert, J., Molecular characterisation and origin of the Coffea arabica L. genome (1999) Mol Gen Genet, 261, pp. 259-266Le Pierres, D., (1987) Influence des facteurs génétiques sur le contrôle de la teneur en caféine du café, , Montreux: XII Colloquiun Scientifique International sur la Chimie du CaféLeroy, T., Montagnon, C., Charrier, A., Reciprocal recorrent selection applied to Coffea canephora Pierre. I: Characterization and evaluation of breeding populations and value of intergroup hybrids (1993) Euphytica, 67, pp. 113-125Lin, C., Mueller, L.A., McCarthy, J., Coffee and tomato share common gene repertoires as revealed by deep sequencing of seed and cherry transcripts (2005) Theor Appl Genet, 112, pp. 114-130Looser, E., Baumann, T.W., Wanner, H., The biosynthesis of caffeine on the coffee plant (1974) Phytochemistry, 13, pp. 2515-2518Love, B., Spaner, D., Agrobiodiversity: Its value, measurement and conservation in the context of sustainable agriculture (2007) J Sustain Agric, 31, pp. 53-82Mahé, L., Combes, M.-C., Lashermes, P., Comparison between a coffee single copy chromosomal region and Arabidopsis duplicated counterparts evidenced high level synteny between the coffee genome and the ancestral Arabidopsis genome (2007) Plant Mol Biol, 64, pp. 699-711Mascitelli, L., Pezzetta, F., Sullivan, J.L., Putative hepatoprotective effects of coffee (2008) Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 27, pp. 90-92Maurin, O., Davis, A.P., Chester, M., Towards a phylogeny for Coffea (Rubiaceae): Identifying well-supported lineages based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences (2007) Ann Bot, 100, pp. 1565-1583Mazzafera, P., Catabolism of caffeine in plants and microorganisms (2004) Frontiers Biosci, 9, pp. 1348-1359Mazzafera, P., Carvalho, A., A cafeína do café (1991) Documentos IAC, 25, pp. 1-22Mazzafera, P., Carvalho, A., Breeding for low seed caffeine content of coffee (Coffea L.) by interspecific hybridization (1992) Euphytica, 59, pp. 55-60Mazzafera, P., Braghini, M.T., Eskes, A.B., (1985) Indications on the ocurrence of male sterility in Coffea canephora and C. arabica, , Lomé, Togo: XI International Conference on Coffee ScienceMazzafera, P., Carvalho, A., Fazuoli, L.C., Variabilidade do teor de cafeína em sementes de café (1992) Turrialba, 42, pp. 231-237Mazzafera, P., Crozier, A., Sandberg, G., Studies on the metabolic control of caffeine turnover in developing endosperms and leaves of Coffea arabica and Coffea dewevrei (1994) J Agric Food Chem, 42, p. 1423Mazzafera, P., Wingsle, G., Olsson, O., S-adenosyl-L-methionine: Theobromine 1-N-methyltransferase, an enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of caffeine in coffee (1994) Phytochemistry, 37, pp. 1577-1584McCarthy, A.A., McCarthy, J.G., The structure of two N-methyltransferases from the caffeine biosynthetic pathway (2007) Plant Physiol, 144, pp. 879-889McCarthy, A.A., Biget, L., Lin, C., Cloning, expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the XMT and DXMT N-methyltransferases from Coffea canephora (robusta) (2007) Acta Cryst, F63, pp. 304-307Medicus, L., Zur Constitution der Harnsäuregruppe (1875) Annalen der Pharmacie, 175, pp. 230-251Medina Filho, H.P., Carvalho, A., Söndahl, M.R., Coffee breeding and related evolutionary aspects (1984) Plant breeding reviews, , 2, J. Janick (Ed.), Westport: AviMontagnon, C., Guyot, B., Cilas, C., Genetic parameters of several biochemical compounds from green coffee, Coffea canephora (1998) Plant Breed, 117, pp. 576-578Mösli Waldhauser, S.S., Baumann, T.W., Compartmentation of caffeine and related purine alkaloids depends exclusively on the physical chemistry of their vacuolar complex formation with chlorogenic acids (1996) Phytochemistry, 42, pp. 985-996Mueller, L.A., Solow, T.H., Taylor, N., The SOL genomics network: A comparative resource for Solanaceae biology and beyond (2005) Plant Physiol, 138, pp. 1310-1317Nagai, C., Rakotomalala, J.J., Katahira, R., Production of a new low-caffeine hybrid coffee and the biochemical mechanism of low caffeine accumulation (2008) Euphytica, 164, pp. 133-142Natarajan, G., Botica, M.-L., Thomas, R., Therapeutic drug monitoring for caffeine in preterm neonates: An unnecessary exercise? (2007) Pediatrics, 119, pp. 936-940(http://www.ncausa.org), National_Coffee_Association (2006) U.S. coffee consumptionNegishi, O., Ozawa, T., Imagawa, H., Conversion of xanthosine into caffeine in tea plants (1985) Agric Biol Chem, 49, pp. 251-253Negishi, O., Ozawa, T., Imagawa, H., Methylation of xanthosine by tea-leaf extracts and caffeine biosynthesis (1985) Agric Biol Chem, 49, pp. 887-890Negishi, O., Ozawa, T., Imagawa, H., N-methyl nucleosidase from tea leaves (1988) Agric Biol Chem, 52, pp. 169-175Negishi, O., Ozawa, T., Imagawa, H., Guanosine deaminase and guanine deaminase from tea leaves (1994) Biosci Biotech Biochem, 58, pp. 1277-1281Ogawa, M., Herai, Y., Koizumi, N., 7-Methylxanthine methyltransferase of coffee plants (2001) J Biol Chem, 276, pp. 8213-8218Ogita, S., Uefuji, H., Yamaguchi, Y., Producing decaffeinated coffee plants (2003) Nature, 423, pp. 823-823Ogita, S., Uefuji, H., Morimoto, M., Application of RNAi to confirm theobromine as the major intermediate for caffeine biosynthesis in coffee plants with potential for construction of decaffeinated varieties (2004) Plant Mol Biol, 54, pp. 931-941Ogita, S., Uefuji, H., Morimoto, M., Metabolic engineering of caffeine production (2005) Plant Biotechnol, 22, pp. 461-468Ogutuga, D.B.A., Northcote, D.H., Biosynthesis of caffeine in tea callus tissue (1970) Biochem J, 117, pp. 715-720Oken L (1820) Rezension zu Runges 'Neueste phytochemische Entdeckungen'. Isis: 334-336(http://www.iac.sp.gov.br/PosIAC/Entrada.htm), Oliveira MPA (2007) Expressão de genes da biossíntese de cafeína em frutos e endospermas de Coffea arabica: sem cafeína. MSc, Instituto Agronômico de CampinasOu, C.-N., Fraeley, V.L., Ellis, J.M., Evaluation of the EMIT reagent system for measurement of caffeine with the EMIT lab 5000 system and a centrifugal analyzer (1984) Clin Chem, 30, pp. 887-889Pacher, P., Szabo, C., Role of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) in cardiovascular diseases: The therapeutic potential of PARP inhibitors (2007) Cardiovasc Drug Rev, 25, pp. 235-260Patil, P.S., Mallath, M.K., Coffee and hepatocellular carcinoma: Cause or confounding? (2007) Hepatology, 46, pp. 2046-2047Pelletier, J., Note sur la caféine, Lue à l'Academie royale de médecine (1826) J Pharmacie 12e Année, 5, pp. 229-233Pfaff, C.H., Liebig, J., Über die Zusammensetzung des Kaffeins (1832) Annalen der Pharmacie, 1, pp. 17-20Preusser, E., Serenkov, G.P., Caffeine biosynthesis in tea leaves (1963) Biokhimiya, 28, pp. 857-861Prewo, R., Guggisberg, A., Lorenzi-Riatsch, A., Crystal structure of mozambioside, a diterpene glycoside of Coffea pseudozanguebariae (1990) Phytochemistry, 29, pp. 990-992Priolli, R.H.G., Mazzafera, P., Siqueira, W.J., Caffeine inheritance in interspecific hybrids of Coffea arabica x Coffea canephor (Gentianales, Rubiaceae) (2008) Gen Mol Biol, 31, pp. 498-504Rakotomalala JJR (1992) Diversité biochimique des caféiers: Analyse des acides hydroxycinnamiques, bases puriques et diterpènes glycosidiques. Particularités des caféiers sauvages de la région malgache (Mascarocoffea Chev.). Ph.D., Universite Montpellier IIRakotomalala, J.-J.R., Cros, E., Clifford, M.N., Caffeine and theobromine in green beans from Mascarocoffe

A Naturally Decaffeinated Arabica Coffee

[No abstract available]4296994826James, J.E., (1991) Caffeine and Health, , Academic, San DiegoCharrier, A., (1978) La Structure Génétique des Caféiers Spontanés de la Région Malgache (Mascarocoffea). Leurs Relations avec les Caféiers d'Origine Africaine (Eucoffea), , Orstom, ParisMazzafera, P., Carvalho, A., (1992) Euphytica, 59, pp. 55-60Kato, M., Mizuno, K., (2004) Front. Biosci., 9, pp. 1833-1842Ogita, S., Uefuji, H., Yamaguchi, Y., Koizumi, N., Sano, H., (2003) Nature, 423, pp. 823-823(1968) FAO Report: Coffee Mission to Ethiopia 1964-65, , Food and Agriculture Organization, RomeSilvarolla, M.B., Mazzafera, P., Lima, M.M.A., (2000) Gen. Mol. Biol., 23, pp. 213-215Ashihara, H., Suzuki, T., (2004) Front. Biosci., 9, pp. 1864-1876Mazzafera, P., Crozier, A., Sandberg, G., (1994) J. Agric. Food Chem., 42, pp. 1423-1427Evans, W.C., (1996) Trease and Evan's Pharmacognosy, , Saunders, LondonVan Der Vossen, H.A.M., (1985) Coffee - Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage, pp. 48-107. , (eds Clifford, M. N. & Wilson, K. C.) (Helm, London