INFLUENCE OF HYDROLOGY AND PRIMARY PRODUCERS ON SILICA CYCLE AND STOICHIOMETRY WITH NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS

Silica (Si) is an essential nutrient for primary producers and the molar ratio of Si relative to nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) is relevant in the eutrophication process of aquatic ecosystems. Despite the importance of Si, its biogeochemistry in aquatic environments is still poorly understood compared to the amount of knowledge acquired on N and P. Recently, the Si cycle has been described as composed of a continental and an oceanic sub-cycles, which are connected through the hydrographic network. This complex environmental system is nowadays severely altered by human activity. The aim of this research was to analyze how processes in the hydrographic network interact with the transport and accumulation of Si, N and P. The hypotheses were that (1) alteration of the hydrological characteristics of an aquatic ecosystem, both in terms of reduced frequency of water mixing in lakes or water flow in rivers, changes Si retention and that (2) both benthic and planktonic primary producers can play an important role as Si filters and temporary Si sinks. Two environment were studied in this thesis: a meromictic lake and the riverbed of three rivers that either undergo flow reduction or run dry in summer. Lake Iseo was a net Si and P sink and retained 75% of the total Si and 79% of total P loadings. N:Si and N:P molar ratios resulted higher in outflowing than in inflowing waters, with an excess of N respect to Si and P in the emissary river. Si retention was mainly regulated by sedimentation of particulate forms that were in part recycled back to the water column, but were retained in the monimolimnion. Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and microphytobenthos (MPB) were a Si source and a N and P sink with the Si efflux from SAV nearly three times as much as in MPB patches. These findings corroborate the hypothesis that SAV mediates the Si transport from pore water to the water column. Conversely, epilithic macro- and microalgae communities were a DSi sink and a N and P source. In river sediments, the exposure to air and the subsequent drying interfered with Si biogeochemistry and dry sediment maintained a relatively constant Si concentration. Labile P and N concentrations followed a similar pattern to that of Si but the degree of change was different determining a higher accumulation in sediment of labile inorganic P and N, relative to Si. After dry periods, the sediment rewetting and resuspension had the potential to release to the water a fraction of the Si accumulated during the dry period. As a result, the ratio of released nutrients suggests that the Si fraction is more mobile compared to N and P. Lentic and lotic ecosystems are not only links that connect terrestrial and marine ecosystems acting as pipes, but they behave as biogeochemical regulators not only of the amount and of timing of Si delivery, but also of its stoichiometry relative to N and P. Both lakes and hydrological intermittency can modify water flow and, consequently, they are important factors in regulating nutrient pathways and stoichiometry. They directly influence transport processes and indirectly shape the activity of primary producers and microbial communities, and the chemical and physical characteristics of the environment where primary production, decomposition and ultimately mineralization take place

Silica Storage, Fluxes, and Nutrient Stoichiometry in Different Benthic Primary Producer Communities in the Littoral Zone of a Deep Subalpine Lake (Lake Iseo, Italy)

Benthic vegetation at the land-water interface is recognized as a filter for silica fluxes, which represents an important but under-investigated subject. This paper aims to analyze stocks and fluxes of biogenic (BSi) and dissolved (DSi) silica in relation to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the littoral zone of a deep lake. Specifically, we evaluated how different primary producers can influence BSi retention and DSi release. The study was performed from April to October in 2017, in three different benthic communities: submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and microphytobenthos (MPB), both occurring in soft bottom sediments, and epilithic macro- and microalgae (EA) on rocky substrates. The main result was that SAV and MPB were a DSi source and a N and P sink with the DSi efflux from SAV nearly three times as much as in MPB patches. These findings corroborate the hypothesis that SAV mediates the DSi transport from pore water to the water column. Conversely, EA communities were a DSi sink and a N and P source. Overall, these results highlight the fact that the littoral zone of lakes plays a key role in regulating aquatic Si cycling, which is likely to depend on the health status of SAV communitie