Ward identities for disordered metals and superconductors

This article revisits Ward identities for disordered interacting normal metals and superconductors. It offers a simple derivation based on gauge invariance and recasts the identities in a new form that allows easy analysis of the quasiparticle charge conservation (as e.g. in a normal metal) or non-conservation (as e.g. in a d-wave superconductor).Comment: Discussion of decoherence at T=0 remove

Optical investigation of the charge-density-wave phase transitions in NbSe3NbSe_{3}

We have measured the optical reflectivity $R(\omega)$ of the quasi one-dimensional conductor $NbSe_{3}$ from the far infrared up to the ultraviolet between 10 and 300 $K$ using light polarized along and normal to the chain axis. We find a depletion of the optical conductivity with decreasing temperature for both polarizations in the mid to far-infrared region. This leads to a redistribution of spectral weight from low to high energies due to partial gapping of the Fermi surface below the charge-density-wave transitions at 145 K and 59 K. We deduce the bulk magnitudes of the CDW gaps and discuss the scattering of ungapped free charge carriers and the role of fluctuations effects

Inhibition of a yeast LTR retrotransposon by human APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases

The mammalian APOBEC3 family of cytidine deaminases includes several members that possess potent antiretroviral activity. Human APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G are specifically incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) progeny virions in the absence of virion infectivity factor (Vif), where they deaminate deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine on the minus strand of nascent reverse transcripts. Editing of the HIV-1 cDNA leads to its degradation or to G to A hypermutation of the integrated provirus [1-8]. Here, we show that APOBEC3 proteins also restrict the activity of a distantly related long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon. When expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, human APOBEC3C, APOBEC3F, or APOBEC3G or mouse APOBEC3 potently inhibit replication of the Ty1 LTR retrotransposon. APOBEC3G interacts with Ty1 Gag and is packaged into Ty1 virus-like particles (VLPs) by a mechanism that closely resembles the one it uses to enter HIV-1 virions. Expression of APOBEC3G results in a reduced level of Ty1 cDNA integration and G to A editing of integrated Ty1 cDNA. Our findings indicate that APOBEC3G restricts Ty1 and HIV-1 by similar mechanisms and suggest that the APOBEC3 proteins target a substantially broader spectrum of retroelements than previously appreciated

Constraints on early dark energy from CMB lensing and weak lensing tomography

Dark energy can be studied by its influence on the expansion of the Universe as well as on the growth history of the large-scale structure. In this paper, we follow the growth of the cosmic density field in early dark energy cosmologies by combining observations of the primary CMB temperature and polarisation power spectra at high redshift, of the CMB lensing deflection field at intermediate redshift and of weak cosmic shear at low redshifts for constraining the allowed amount of early dark energy. We present these forecasts using the Fisher-matrix formalism and consider the combination of Planck-data with the weak lensing survey of Euclid. We find that combining these data sets gives powerful constraints on early dark energy and is able to break degeneracies in the parameter set inherent to the various observational channels. The derived statistical 1-sigma-bound on the early dark energy density parameter is sigma(Omega_d^e)=0.0022 which suggests that early dark energy models can be well examined in our approach. In addition, we derive the dark energy figure of merit for the considered dark energy parameterisation and comment on the applicability of the growth index to early dark energy cosmologies.Comment: 25 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables; v2: very minor additions, updated to match version to be published in JCA

Heterogeneous subsidence and paleogeographic elements in an extensional setting revealed through the correlation of a storm deposit unit (Aptian, E Spain)

Durante el Aptiense, en la Subcuenca de Las Parras (NW Cuenca del Maestrazgo) se depositó una unidad siliciclástica en un contexto tectónico extensional. Esta unidad se ha dividido en cuatro secuencias granocrecientes, de las cuales se analiza en detalle la tercera (S3) ya que presenta un alto potencial de correlación lateral. El análisis sedimentológico de la secuencia S3 ha permitido interpretar una evolución vertical de shoreface inferior con procesos de tormenta, a shoreface superior; también ha permitido correlacionar esta secuencia entre dos sectores de la subcuenca que presentan un desarrollo litológico considerablemente diferente. El techo de la secuencia S3 es una superfi cie erosiva menor con valor cronoestratigráfi co y se ha utilizado como datum de correlación para el análisis de la unidad siliciclástica. Las variaciones laterales de facies de la secuencia S3 permiten interpretar la proximidad de un sistema de descarga siliciclástico hacia el sureste, y se propone una zona de intersección de fallas normales, próxima al sector suroriental de la zona estudiada, como un elemento paleoestructural favorable para la entrada de un sistema de drenaje en la cuenca. En el sector suroriental, por encima del datum de correlación, la secuencia S4 presenta un desarrollo muy reducido debido a la ausencia de su parte inferior; esto ha permitido interpretar la presencia de una discontinuidad local intra-S4. Esta discontinuidad local se correlaciona con otra reconocida en el sector noroccidental. Debido a las diferencias de espesor y al grado de desarrollo de la discontinuidad intra-S4 se deduce que la historia de subsidencia de diferentes bloques de la cuenca no es exactamente la misma. Esta discontinuidad intra-S4 podría tener interés regional ya que separa sedimentos dominantemente siliciclásticos de sedimentos carbonatados y podría indicar una modifi cación importante del sistema sedimentario. Para uno de los bloques estudiados, las variaciones espaciales de espesor para cada secuencia podrían representar un desarrollo de la subsidencia alternando periodos con subsidencia diferencial atenuada y periodos con subsidencia diferencial acentuada, que pueden estar relacionados con la dinámica extensional

Aspectos técnico-ambientais da produção orgânica na região citrícola do Vale do Rio Caí, RS.

Há uma preocupação crescente sobre a necessidade de produção e consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis, sem uso de agrotóxicos nem fertilizantes sintético-industriais. Neste contexto se insere a prática da agricultura orgânica, que, contudo, apresenta resultados ainda pouco avaliados nos meios acadêmicos e científicos. Assim, pretendeu-se nesta pesquisa diagnosticar aspectos técnico-ambientais da produção orgânica na região citrícola do Vale do Rio Caí, no Rio Grande do Sul. Inicialmente, foram selecionadas propriedades de oito agricultores familiares, todas já convertidas ao sistema orgânico de produção, sendo aplicadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Os produtores mostram-se satisfeitos com o sistema orgânico de produção e revelam bom conhecimento sobre o ambiente, plantas, solos e processos agroecológicos, adquiridos através da participação em eventos técnicos e em reuniões da Cooperativa Ecocitrus. A constante troca de experiências entre esses agricultores tem melhorado sua qualificação técnica, além de melhor conscientizá-los nos aspectos políticos, econômicos e sociais

Confinement and Chiral Symmetry Breaking via Domain-Like Structures in the QCD Vacuum

A qualitative mechanism for the emergence of domain structured background gluon fields due to singularities in gauge field configurations is considered, and a model displaying a type of mean field approximation to the QCD partition function based on this mechanism is formulated. Estimation of the vacuum parameters (gluon condensate, topological susceptibility, string constant and quark condensate) indicates that domain-like structures lead to an area law for the Wilson loop, nonzero topological susceptibility and spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry. Gluon and ghost propagators in the presence of domains are calculated explicitly and their analytical properties are discussed. The Fourier transforms of the propagators are entire functions and thus describe confined dynamical fields.Comment: RevTeX, 48 pages (32 pages + Appendices A-E), new references added [1,2,4,5] and minor formulae corrected for typographical error

A model for the Q2Q^2 dependence of polarized structure functions

We present an update of a phenomenological model for the spin dependent structure functions $g_1(x,Q^2)$ of the proton and neutron. This model is based on a broken SU(6) wavefunction parametrized by the unpolarized structure functions. The two free parameters of the model are choosen to fulfill the Bjorken and Ellis--Jaffe sum rules. The model respects isospin symmetry and has zero strange sea polarization. Using new values for $F/D$ from hyperon beta decay the resulting $Q^2$ dependent asymmetries $A_1$ are in perfect agreement with the existing data. Therefore we do not see any evidence for a ``spin crisis''. With two choices for $g_2$ the $Q^2$ dependence of $A_1(x,Q^2)$ and $A_2(x,Q^2)\sqrt{Q^2}/M$ is predicted and shown to be small for both cases.Comment: 18 pages and 11 figures as uudecoded ps file

Topology and chiral symmetry breaking in SU(N) gauge theories

We study the low-lying eigenmodes of the lattice overlap Dirac operator for SU(N) gauge theories with N=2,3,4 and 5 colours. We define a fermionic topological charge from the zero-modes of this operator and show that, as N grows, any disagreement with the topological charge obtained by cooling the fields, becomes rapidly less likely. By examining the fields where there is a disagreement, we are able to show that the Dirac operator does not resolve instantons below a critical size of about rho = 2.5 a, but resolves the larger, more physical instantons. We investigate the local chirality of the near-zero modes and how it changes as we go to larger N. We observe that the local chirality of these modes, which is prominent for SU(2) and SU(3), becomes rapidly weaker for larger N and is consistent with disappearing entirely in the limit of N -> infinity. We find that this is not due to the observed disappearance of small instantons at larger N.Comment: 41 pages, 12 figures, RevTe

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results