Development of Solar Educational Training Kit

The ability of utilize free resources of energy to generate electricity is one of the major tasks for environmentally research engineers. Numerous researches have been conducted to convert sunlight to direct current through Photovoltaic (PV) system. Nowadays PV research has become a popular study and has gained attention of many engineers and researchers due to free application, improving efficiency and high reliable energy source availability and is predicted to grow in years to come. With understanding of the aforementioned importance, PV systems aim to satisfy the growing demand for sustainable energy. This paper proposes a model of a real time grid assisted from low power direct current to high power alternating current as a solar educational training kit for an early education process to understand about the sustainability of energy conversion process. Integrating the switching concept, grid connection will only be switched on if the stored energy in the battery is insufficient to energize or supply the training kit. Programmable Integrated Circuit (PIC) is integrated into the educational training kit to enable it to display and indicates the battery voltage level as it also take part in switching between the battery and grid. In the nutshell, a simple and user friendly measurement training kit is intentionally designed for user’s handwork purposes

Characterization of galloylated cyanogenic glucosides and hydrolysabletannins from leaves of Phyllagathis rotundifolia by LC-ESI-MS/MS

Introduction: Phyllagathis rotundifolia (Jack) Bl. (Melastomataceae) is a creeping herb found in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra. Traditionally, a decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of malaria, fever and stomach ache. Objective:To provide ESI‐MSⁿ data which are applicable for chemical fingerprinting of P. rotundifolia to obviate laborious isolation and purification steps. Methodology:The mass spectral data for the compounds isolated from the leaves of P. rotundifolia were obtained by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Results: The MS fragmentation patterns were obtained for galloylated cyanogenic glucosides based on prunasin (prunasin 6′‐O‐gallate 1, prunasin 2′,6′‐di‐O‐gallate 2, prunasin 3′,6′‐di‐O‐gallate 3, prunasin 4′,6′‐di‐O‐gallate 4, prunasin 2′,3′,6′‐tri‐Ogallate 5, prunasin 3′,4′,6′‐tri‐O‐gallate 6 and prunasin 2′,3′,4′,6′‐tetra‐O‐gallate 7), gallotannins (6‐O‐galloyl‐D‐glucose 8, 3,6‐di‐ O‐galloyl‐D‐glucose 9, 1,2,3‐tri‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose 10, 1,4,6‐tri‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose 11, 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐galloyl‐D‐glucose 12,1,2,3,6‐tetra‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose 13 and 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose 14), ellagitannins [6‐O‐galloyl‐2,3‐O‐(S)‐ hexahydroxy‐diphenoyl‐D‐glucose 15, praecoxin B 16 and pterocarinin C 17], ellagic acid derivatives (3′‐O‐methyl‐3,4‐methylenedioxyellagic acid 4′‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside 18 and 3,3′,4‐tri‐O‐methylellagic acid 4′‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside 19) and gallic acid 20 that were isolated from the leaves of P. rotundifolia. Conclusion: The ESI‐MSⁿ technique facilitates identification of galloylated cyanogenic glucosides, hydrolysable tannins and ellagic acid derivatives that were isolated from the leaves of P. rotundifolia. It yields MSⁿ spectra that are useful for identification of these compounds in complex samples and permit more complete fingerprinting of plant materials

Multi-step infrared macro-fingerprinting on leaves of phyllagathis praetermissa from different localities in peninsular Malaysia

Phyllagathis praetermissa collected from Pasoh Forest Reserve (Negeri Sembilan), Ampang Forest Reserve (Selangor) and Bukit Lagong (Selangor) in Peninsular Malaysia could be differentiated based on their chemical constituents by using multi-step infrared macro-fingerprinting. This method utilized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, second derivative infrared spectroscopy and two-dimensional (2D) correlation infrared spectroscopy. Conventional infrared spectra showed limited differences but the second derivative infrared spectra could amplify the differences of A praetermissa collected from different localities. P. praetermissa from the three localities were grouped by using exploratory data analysis (EDA). In addition, the visual 2D-IR spectra applied with thermal perturbation enhanced the discriminant analysis of P. praetermissa more effectively. Consequently, macroscopic IR fingerprinting has been found a useful and nondestructive approach for herbal identification and quality control of traditional medicinal herbs. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

One- and two-dimensional Fourier transform infrared correlation spectroscopy of Phyllagathis rotundifolia

1D- and 2D-IR with thermal perturbation was utilized in this study for the macroscopic fingerprinting of Phyllagathis rotundifolia. Conventional FTIR spectroscopy showed limited spectral differences for the species with a closely related species, Phyllagathis praetermissa.However, the visual 2D-IR spectra were able to enhance IR absorptions and generate characteristic IR fingerprint for P. rotundifolia. This approach combined with PCA is also applicable to detect mixtures of P. rotundifolia and P. praetermissa. By using this non-destructive IR fingerprinting, the identification and quality control of P. rotundifolia can be achieved more effectively

Non-ionic radiologic contrast (iohexol) interferes with laboratory measurements of endocrine hormones

10.1097/PAT.0b013e32836359e1Pathology455527-529PTLG

Construction of cost effective homebuilt spin coater for coating amylose-amylopectin thin films

We report the construction of a cost effective and low power consumption spin coater from a direct current (DC) brushless motor. The DC mechanical component is widdely available in the central processing unit (CPU) cooler. This set up permits simple operation where the DC voltage can be controlled manually in order to adjust the spin speed ranging from 1500 to 4500 resolution per minute (rpm). The spin speed stability can be determined by a tachometer against the spinning time. In order to evaluate the performance of the spin coater, 25% Amylose-75% Amylopectin thin films were successfully deposited on SiO2 substrates. The thicknesses of the films were in the range of 96.1 nm to 225 nm.Keywords: spin coating; CPU cooler; thin film depositions; homebuilt spin coate

Optimal Designs of the Synthetic t Chart with Estimated Process Mean

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