Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) During NEP Years: Organization of City Government System

The article discusses the activities of various levels of government structures (city council, gubernatorial, district and regional executive and party bodies) in managing EkaterinburgSverdlovsk during the NEP years. It is established that during this period, the central government was faced with a choice between centralism or decentralization in local governance and the delineation of powers between councils and different levels of regional government. It is noted that in practice, a multilevel system of city management was formed, which had both positive and negative aspects. It is shown that on the one hand, in conditions of weak city authority and a shortage of city budget, the intervention of regional authorities in urban issues and financial injections from their side allowed for the successful resolution of acute urban economic issues. On the other hand, such a system of power significantly limited the authority of the city council, pushing it to other government structures. As a result, the author concludes that the city council was not a full-fledged, independent administrative unit, and its competence in managing the city was significantly limited. This situation is explained by the fact that the main decisions regarding the directions of city development were made by regional authorities, which did not always positively affect the effectiveness of urban management

Investigation of the stability of the electron source with a multi-aperture plasma emitter generating a large cross-section electron beam

An experiment was performed to investigate the electric strength of the high-voltage acceleration gap of an electron source with a multi-aperture plasma emitter generating a beam of large cross section (750•150 mm{2}) extracted into the atmosphere through a thin metal foil. It has been shown that the use of a mask in the plasma emitter which partitions the overall emission region to produce a plurality of small-cross-section beamlets, so that the extracted beam is a superposition of beamlets formed by individual emission units whose plasma boundary is stabilized by a fine metal grid, increases the electric strength of the high-voltage acceleration gap. This is of critical importance in cases where the electron source is operated in a repetitive pulse mode at high average power of the beam. In addition, an increase in the electric strength of the acceleration gap is promoted by that the modernized cathode assemblies of the plasma emitter are arranged normal to the axis along which electrons are extracted into the acceleration gap

Modernization of cathode assemblies of electron sources based on low pressure arc discharge

The paper presents modified cathode assemblies, including their main characteristics, for plasma electron sources based on a constricted low-pressure arc initiated by a discharge in crossed electric and magnetic fields. One of the modified cathode assemblies allows the electrode system of the auxiliary discharge to operate at a pressure of≈0.3 Pa, as against ≈ 10 Pa before the modification, provides a larger diameter constriction of the pulsed (up to [tau]=250 [mu]s) arc, and thus extends the range of operating currents for the plasma-cathode discharge system up to I[d]=300 A. The other modified assembly operates at widely varying discharge currents I[d]=5-100 A, provides lesser amounts of cathode microdroplets at the discharge electrodes, and allows the arc to operate at comparatively low voltages. The use of cathode assemblies adapted for specific discharge systems extends the capabilities of plasma- emitter electron sources as well as the range of their applications in scientific and technological fields

Modernization of electron accelerator with a large cross section beam for radiation effects on materials

The results of the work on the creation of an automated wide-aperture electron accelerator with a grid plasma cathode based on the low-pressure arc discharge and outputting of a large section beam (750X150 mm) in the atmosphere through a outlet foil window. The distinctive feature of such electron accelerator is a weak correlation of beam parameters, as well as a high current beam extraction efficiency to air, reaching ≈ (80 -: 90)% of the current in the accelerating gap at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV, beam current amplitude in the atmosphere up to 30A, frequency and pulse duration up to 50 s-1 and 100 mus, respectively. The electron source provides a stable continuous operation for tens of hours in a repetitively pulsed modes at the maximum average beam power in the atmosphere is ≈ 5 kW. Examples of applications of such accelerator in the radiation-stimulated technology are given, showing the prospects of its using in scientific and technological purposes

Institutional and organizational support of reforms in the sphere of state ecological control of Ukraine

У статті розглянуто та проаналізовано необхідність оптимізації діяльності органів державного нагляду (контролю) у контексті реформування системи управління охороною навколишнього природного середовища. Запропоновано першочергові кроки, спрямовані на вирішення існуючих проблем у державному секторі природоохоронної галузі та створення ефективної структури органу державного нагляду (контролю) та його територіальних підрозділів у сучасних умовах із урахуванням чинного законодавства з метою вдосконалення системи державного управління в Україні. The need to optimize the activities of state supervision (control ) in the context of reform of environmental protection system in Ukraine was considered and analyzed. The initial steps to address the existing problems in the environment sector and to raise effectivnees of the state supervision (control) under modern conditions were sugested, taking into account the current legislation and the necesity to improve the system of governanace in Ukraine. Curemtly in Ukraine the idea of decentralization in all spheres of life in the context of public administration reform is widely spred. Decentralization and deconcentration of administrative functions of state ecological supervision (control) requires gradual optimization of both central office and regional offices of the State ecological inspaction of Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of the article is the allocation of priorities to be addressed as well as leadership that requires rapid development and update of management networks, engagement in public supervisory control of young, energetic, competent and proactive staff of the new generation. This approach will ensure the effective functioning of state supervision (control) in the field of environmental protection and creation of strong human resources, capable to provide high performance to meet the needs of civil society to perform Ukrainian system of environmental protection