ASSESSMENT OF DROUGHT INDICES AND WATER AVAILABILITY USING STATISTICAL Z-SCORE AND MOCK MODEL

The phenomenon of drought and water scarcity due to climate change is a major problem in many countries. Assessing drought conditions and water availability in a watershed helps the government and communities implement sustainable watershed management. The study was conducted in Krueng Jreue Sub Watershed, Krueng Aceh Watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The meteorological and hydrological indices in the watershed were analyzed using statistical Z-Score for Precipitation (ZSP) and Discharges (ZSD). Discharges originated from Mock model was used to examine the water availability in a watershed. The results showed the ZSP and ZSD indices from 2008 to 2017 were almost categorized as normal. In certain months, drought indices with the criteria of extreme wet (EW), very wet (VW), and severe drought (SD) also occurred. In general, the ZSP and ZSD indices were consistent, but for certain months (April 2008, November 2010, and March 2017) inconsistencies were found due to differences in signs and index classes. The Mock model parameters for the proportion of surface soil uncovered by vegetation (m), infiltration factor (IF), initial soil moisture (ISM), and flow reduction coefficient (Rc) were 20 %, 0.4, 200 mm month-1, and 0.6, respectively. The average monthly discharge during the period of 2008-2017 ranged from 3.16-31.18 m3s-1. The total water needs of 5.041 m3 s-1 per month. The water availability per month was surplus in the rainy season (October-April), but deficit in the dry season (May-September). This research not only contributes to enriching references for similar research in Krueng Aceh Watershed, Indonesia but can also be applied to other watersheds according to the current conditions of watershed characteristics

PHARAO Laser Source Flight Model: Design and Performances

In this paper, we describe the design and the main performances of the PHARAO laser source flight model. PHARAO is a laser cooled cesium clock specially designed for operation in space and the laser source is one of the main sub-systems. The flight model presented in this work is the first remote-controlled laser system designed for spaceborne cold atom manipulation. The main challenges arise from mechanical compatibility with space constraints, which impose a high level of compactness, a low electric power consumption, a wide range of operating temperature and a vacuum environment. We describe the main functions of the laser source and give an overview of the main technologies developed for this instrument. We present some results of the qualification process. The characteristics of the laser source flight model, and their impact on the clock performances, have been verified in operational conditions.Comment: Accepted for publication in Review of Scientific Instrument

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative sars-cov-2 infection: An international cohort study

Background The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (740%) had emergency surgery and 280 (248%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (261%) patients. 30-day mortality was 238% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (512%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 380% (219 of 577), accounting for 817% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 175 [95% CI 128-240], p<00001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (230 [165-322], p<00001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3-5 versus grades 1-2 (235 [157-353], p<00001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (155 [101-239], p=0046), emergency versus elective surgery (167 [106-263], p=0026), and major versus minor surgery (152 [101-231], p=0047). Interpretation Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Essais mécaniques et analyses des matériaux réfractaires au CEAT

Cet article présente les différents moyens d’essais et d’analyses disponibles au CEAT pour caractériser les matériaux réfractaires. Ces matériaux, composites thermostructuraux et métalliques réfractaires, sont utilisés pour l’essentiel dans les moteurs aéronautiques.Les moyens d’essais mécaniques vont des machines dites classiques, permettant des essais de traction, de résilience, de fluage et surtout de fatigue oligocyclique et vibratoire, à des moyens plus exceptionnels comme une machine d’essai de traction et de fluage sur monofilament, un banc d’essai pour disques éprouvettes, une machine de fatigue biaxiale et un moyen d’essai de fatigue thermomécanique. Des précisions sur les moyens de chauffage mis en œuvre sont données, ainsi qu’une description des moyens d’observation et d’analyses, qui sont des supports à la compréhension des résultats d’essai et des modes de ruine.Grâce à tous ces moyens, le CEAT joue le rôle de laboratoire de référence étatique pour le secteur aérospatial dans le domaine des matériaux pour applications à haute température

Editorial: Documentaliste et chercheur, un couple qui s’ignore ?

Document en libre accèsEditorialManque de communication, disparition des bibliothécaires, nouvelles attentes de la recherche, mutation des métiers, ignorance des nouveaux outils documentaires par les directions...Tels sont les points saillants qui ressortent de l'atelier Dialogu'IST organisé récemment par le réseau national des professionnels l'information scientifique (Renatis), visant à recenser les enjeux de l'information scientifique et technique (IST). Selon Magali Damoiseaux et Danielle Cristofol,les trois quarts des documentalistes ont dû se reconvertir vers de nouveaux métiers liés à la bibliométrie, la communication,la formation, l'informatique, le web, ou l'édition avec en général peu de moyens. Avec la disponibilité des publications sur internet, de nombreux laboratoires n'ont plus recruté de personnels de l'IST, perdant ainsi le contact local. Certaines disciplines s'en sortent mieux que d'autres, c'est le cas des sciences humaines et sociales où les postes restent abondants en raison d'une politique prioritaire en édition scientifique interne, alors que les sciences physiques et biologiques ont confié la diffusion de leurs travaux aux éditeurs privés. Plus surprenant, le papier n'a pas disparu dans certains domaines, c'est le cas des mathématiques où les chercheurs apprécient toujours les vieux grimoires ! Difficultés à avoir des articles récents ou anciens, il est plus facile de travailler sur une longue durée avec du papier. li y a donc une hétérogénéité des métiers qui dépend des disciplines et des politiques institutionnelles

Bunch Merging and Compression: Recent Progress with RF and LLRF Systems for FAIR

Besides the realization of several new RF systems for the new heavy-ion synchrotron SIS100 and the storage rings CR and HESR, the FAIR project also includes an upgrade of the RF systems of the existing accelerator rings such as SIS18. The SIS18 RF systems currently comprise two ferrite cavities, three broadband magnetic-alloy cavities and one bunch-compressor cavity. In addition, the LLRF system has been continuously upgraded over the past years towards the planned topology that will be implemented for all FAIR ring accelerators. One of the challenges for the SIS18 RF systems is the large RF frequency span between 400 kHz and 5.4 MHz. Although the SIS18 upgrade is still under progress, a major part of the functionality has already been successfully tested with beam in machine development experiments (MDE). This includes multi-harmonic operation such as dual-harmonic acceleration and further beam gymnastics manipulations such as bunch merging and bunch compression. Many of these features are already used in standard operation. In this contribution, the current status is illustrated and recent MDE results are presented that demonstrate the capabilities of the RF systems for FAIR

PHARAO : le premier étalon primaire de fréquence, à atomes froids, spatial

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