A maximum entropy approach to H-theory: Statistical mechanics of hierarchical systems

A novel formalism, called H-theory, is applied to the problem of statistical equilibrium of a hierarchical complex system with multiple time and length scales. In this approach, the system is formally treated as being composed of a small subsystem---representing the region where the measurements are made---in contact with a set of `nested heat reservoirs' corresponding to the hierarchical structure of the system. The probability distribution function (pdf) of the fluctuating temperatures at each reservoir, conditioned on the temperature of the reservoir above it, is determined from a maximum entropy principle subject to appropriate constraints that describe the thermal equilibrium properties of the system. The marginal temperature distribution of the innermost reservoir is obtained by integrating over the conditional distributions of all larger scales, and the resulting pdf is written in analytical form in terms of certain special transcendental functions, known as the Fox $H$-functions. The distribution of states of the small subsystem is then computed by averaging the quasi-equilibrium Boltzmann distribution over the temperature of the innermost reservoir. This distribution can also be written in terms of $H$-functions. The general family of distributions reported here recovers, as particular cases, the stationary distributions recently obtained by Mac\^edo {\it et al.} [Phys.~Rev.~E {\bf 95}, 032315 (2017)] from a stochastic dynamical approach to the problem.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figure

Stochastic Dynamical Model of Intermittency in Fully Developed Turbulence

A novel model of intermittency is presented in which the dynamics of the rates of energy transfer between successive steps in the energy cascade is described by a hierarchy of stochastic differential equations. The probability distribution of velocity increments is calculated explicitly and expressed in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions of the type ${_n}F_0$, which exhibit power-law tails. The model predictions are found to be in good agreement with experiments on a low temperature gaseous helium jet. It is argued that distributions based on the functions ${_n}F_0$ might be relevant also for other physical systems with multiscale dynamics.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures. To appear in Physical Review

Exactly solvable nonequilibrium Langevin relaxation of a trapped nanoparticle

In this work, we study the nonequilibrium statistical properties of the relaxation dynamics of a nanoparticle trapped in a harmonic potential. We report an exact time-dependent analytical solution to the Langevin dynamics that arises from the stochastic differential equation of our system's energy in the underdamped regime. By utilizing this stochastic thermodynamics approach, we are able to completely describe the heat exchange process between the nanoparticle and the surrounding environment. As an important consequence of our results, we observe the validity of the heat exchange fluctuation theorem (XFT) in our setup, which holds for systems arbitrarily far from equilibrium conditions. By extending our results for the case of $N$ noninterating nanoparticles, we perform analytical asymptotic limits and direct numerical simulations that corroborate our analytical predictions.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure

Multicanonical distribution: Statistical equilibrium of multiscale systems

A multicanonical formalism is introduced to describe statistical equilibrium of complex systems exhibiting a hierarchy of time and length scales, where the hierarchical structure is described as a set of nested "internal heat reservoirs" with fluctuating "temperatures." The probability distribution of states at small scales is written as an appropriate averaging of the large-scale distribution (the Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution) over these effective internal degrees of freedom. For a large class of systems the multicanonical distribution is given explicitly in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions. As a concrete example, it is shown that generalized hypergeometric distributions describe remarkably well the statistics of acceleration measurements in Lagrangian turbulence.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figur

Perubahan Fungsi Ruang Domestik di Sekitar Kampus Unpaz (Universidade Da Paz), Dili, Timor Leste

Universidade da Paz (UNPAZ) didirikan oleh Fundação Neon Metin (FNM) pada 9 Maret 2004, dan juga merupakan universitas swasta terbesar yang ada di Timor Leste saat ini. UNPAZ sangat berkembang dari segi pengembangan kampus (infrastruktur) maupun meningkatnya jumlah mahasiswa. Perkembangan kampus ini menyebabkan terjadinya Perubahan fungsi ruang pada Kampus UNPAZ. Selain kampus Perubahan fisik dan fungsi ruang domestik terjadi pada kampung sekitarnya, terutama Kampung Osindo I Manleuana. Kampung Osindo I Manleuana secara geografis terletak di Kelurahan Fatuhada, Kecamatan Dom-Aleixo, Kotamadya Dili, Timor Leste. Kampung ini mula-mula penduduknya bermata pencaharian sebagai petani. Letak kampung dekat jalur akses utama menuju Kampus UNPAZ menyebabkan kegiatan ekonomi penduduk menjadi berubah. Perubahan ini menyebabkan terjadinya Perubahan fungsi ruang domestik pada rumah tinggal maupun halamannya. Untuk meneliti lebih jauh lagi tentang proses Perubahan fungsi ruang domestik dengan kehadirannya Kampus UNPAZ, digunakan pendekatan penelitian kualitatif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan pembagian kuesioner pada masyarakat setempat. Perubahan-Perubahan fungsi ruang domestik di atas dianalisis dengan teori-teori yang relevan yaitu Perubahan fisik, ruang, bentuk ruang, dan pola organisasi ruang

Pecuária de corte e a conservação do Pantanal.

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Local Salmonella immunostimulation recruits vaccine-specific CD8 T cells and increases regression of bladder tumor.

The efficacy of antitumoral responses can be increased using combinatorial vaccine strategies. We recently showed that vaccination could be optimized by local administration of diverse molecular or bacterial agents to target and augment antitumoral CD8 T cells in the genital mucosa (GM) and increase regression of cervical cancer in an animal model. Non muscle-invasive bladder cancer is another disease that is easily amenable to local therapies. In contrast to data obtained in the GM, in this study we show that intravesical (IVES) instillation of synthetic toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists only modestly induced recruitment of CD8 T cells to the bladder. However, IVES administration of Ty21a, a live bacterial vaccine against typhoid fever, was much more effective and increased the number of total and vaccine-specific CD8 T cells in the bladder approximately 10 fold. Comparison of chemokines induced in the bladder by either CpG (a TLR-9 agonist) or Ty21a highlighted the preferential increase in complement component 5a, CXCL5, CXCL2, CCL8, and CCL5 by Ty21a, suggesting their involvement in the attraction of T cells to the bladder. IVES treatment with Ty21a after vaccination also significantly increased tumor regression compared to vaccination alone, resulting in 90% survival in an orthotopic murine model of bladder cancer expressing a prototype tumor antigen. Our data demonstrate that combining vaccination with local immunostimulation may be an effective treatment strategy for different types of cancer and also highlight the great potential of the Ty21a vaccine, which is routinely used worldwide, in such combinatorial therapies

Targeting endothelial connexin40 inhibits tumor growth by reducing angiogenesis and improving vessel perfusion.

Endothelial connexin40 (Cx40) contributes to regulate the structure and function of vessels. We have examined whether the protein also modulates the altered growth of vessels in tumor models established in control mice (WT), mice lacking Cx40 (Cx40-/-), and mice expressing the protein solely in endothelial cells (Tie2-Cx40). Tumoral angiogenesis and growth were reduced, whereas vessel perfusion, smooth muscle cell (SMC) coverage and animal survival were increased in Cx40-/- but not Tie2-Cx40 mice, revealing a critical involvement of endothelial Cx40 in transformed tissues independently of the hypertensive status of Cx40-/- mice. As a result, Cx40-/- mice bearing tumors survived significantly longer than corresponding controls, including after a cytotoxic administration. Comparable observations were made in WT mice injected with a peptide targeting Cx40, supporting the Cx40 involvement. This involvement was further confirmed in the absence of Cx40 or by peptide-inhibition of this connexin in aorta-sprouting, matrigel plug and SMC migration assays, and associated with a decreased expression of the phosphorylated form of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. The data identify Cx40 as a potential novel target in cancer treatment