14 research outputs found

    A influência da margem de lucro na comercialização de medicamentos

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    <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"> Este trabalho pretende identificar a variação da margem de lucro a partir da comparação entre o preço real de compra e o preço máximo ao consumidor de medicamentos de referência, genéricos e similares, e estabelecer a relação entre este parâmetro e a comercialização de medicamentos, sob o ponto de vista ético e legal. A amostra foi composta por 14 fármacos, 295 especialidades, sendo 14 medicamentos de referência, 112 genéricos e 169 similares. Para a análise dos dados foi calculada a margem de lucro de cada medicamento. Os medicamentos similares foram divididos em dois grupos, A e B, considerando as semelhanças na margem de lucro. Para avaliar a diferença de preço que o consumidor pode pagar ao optar por um dos produtos contendo o mesmo fármaco, na mesma apresentação, calculou-se a porcentagem de variação do preço máximo ao consumidor entre a especialidade mais cara e a mais barata. A margem de lucro observada situa-se entre 44 e 57% (referência); 98-199% (genéricos); 49-57% (similares A) e 147-236% (similares B). Os resultados obtidos e as reflexões apresentadas destacam a importância do governo no controle da qualidade e na regulação do mercado farmacêutico brasileiro, e o que se pode constatar indiretamente é que as regras de comercialização, muitas vezes, se contrapõem aos compromissos social, ético e legal necessários para caracterizar as farmácias e drogarias como estabelecimentos de saúde. Palavras-chave: preço de medicamentos; comercialização de medicamentos; vigilância sanitária; medicamento genérico. </p&gt

    Antibiotic Use in a Brazilian City

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    Phenobarbital Pharmacological Findings On The Nerve-muscle Basis

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    Phenobarbital and carbamazepine are antiepileptic drugs that act at the nervous central system by different mechanisms of action. In this work we investigated the pharmacological effects of these drugs on mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations through the myographic technique. Carbamazepine (0.105, 1.05, 2.1 and 4.2 mM, n = 8, 6, 6 and 6, respectively), induced a dose-dependent neuromuscular blockade, under indirect or direct muscle stimulation and the neurotransmission was reestablished after washing. Conversely, phenobarbital caused an unexpected facilitatory effect, under several formulations, such as the acid-extracted commercial tablets (1.05, 2.1 and 4.2 mM, n = 7, 6 and 7, respectively), commercial phenobarbital solution (4.2 mM, n = 7) or its correspondent pure active ingredient (4.2 and 2.1 mM, n = 6 each). Only at a higher concentration the acid-extracted phenobarbital performed a neuromuscular blockade (8.4 mM, n = 10). The different responses between carbamazepine (paralysis) and phenobarbital (facilitatory effect) evidentiated a new effect for phenobarbital until now concealed at the neuromuscular junction and may involve the glutamatergic regulation, since its role as an acetylcholine co-transmitter in motoneurons was already established.282211218Grozdanovic, Z., Baumgarten, H.G., (1999) Histol. Histopathol, 14, pp. 243-256Gorio, A., Hurlbut, W.P., Ceccarelli, B., (1978) J. Cell Biology, 78, pp. 716-733Nikolsky, E.E., Oranska, T.I., Vyskocil, F., (1996) Exp Physiol, 81, pp. 341-348Katz, B., Miledi, R., (1977) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci, 196, pp. 59-72Vyskocil, F., Illés, P., (1978) Physiol. Bohemoslov, 27, pp. 449-455Vyas, S., Bradford, H.F., (1987) Neurosci. Lett, 82, pp. 58-64Waerhaug, O., Ottersen, O.P., (1993) Anat. Embryol. (Berl), 188, pp. 501-513Urazaev, A.Kh., N.V. Naumenko, G.I. Poletayev, E.E. Nikolsky & F. Vyskocil (1998) Mol. Chem. 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    Editorial : new horizons in health-promoting: from methods to implementation science

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    New technologies with the potential to improve population health are being continually introduced through research and innovation. To improve care with available resources, it is necessary to promote the most cost-effective technologies, respecting organizational, social and ethical issues. This can be a concern in recent years with the growth in pharmaceutical expenditure being driven by new medicines for complex diseases, including cancer and orphan diseases, often though with limited health gain (Cohen, 2017; Luzzatto et al., 2018; Moreira et al., 2021; Godman et al., 2021c). This calls for greater evidence-based approaches to healthcare especially in countries with universal healthcare systems faced with rising costs and continued unmet need (Camargo et al., 2016; Fulone et al., 2016; Godman et al., 2021b)

    Phenobarbital pharmacological findings on the nerve-muscle basis

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    Phenobarbital and carbamazepine are antiepileptic drugs that act at the nervous central system by different mechanisms of action. In this work we investigated the pharmacological effects of these drugs on mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations through the myographic technique. Carbamazepine (0.105, 1.05, 2.1 and 4.2 mM, n = 8, 6, 6 and 6, respectively), induced a dose-dependent neuromuscular blockade, under indirect or direct muscle stimulation and the neurotransmission was reestablished after washing. Conversely, phenobarbital caused an unexpected facilitatory effect, under several formulations, such as the acid-extracted commercial tablets (1.05, 2.1 and 4.2 mM, n = 7, 6 and 7, respectively), commercial phenobarbital solution (4.2 mM, n = 7) or its correspondent pure active ingredient (4.2 and 2.1 mM, n = 6 each). Only at a higher concentration the acid-extracted phenobarbital performed a neuromuscular blockade (8.4 mM, n = 10). The different responses between carbamazepine (paralysis) and phenobarbital (facilitatory effect) evidentiated a new effect for phenobarbital until now concealed at the neuromuscular junction and may involve the glutamatergic regulation, since its role as an acetylcholine co-transmitter in motoneurons was already established.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

    Perfil de prescrições e uso de antibióticos em infecções comunitárias Prescription patterns and antibiotic use in community-based infections

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    INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer os padrões de utilização de antibióticos no município de Sorocaba, avaliando o diagnóstico referido, a terapêutica empregada e sua utilização. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se um instrumento de avaliação aplicado por 12 meses em usuários de antibióticos. Foram coletados dados de 403 usuários e referiram-se à: informações sociodemográficas e de saúde, diagnóstico e terapêutica. RESULTADOS: Encontrou-se grande utilização e a maior utilização prévia na faixa etária de 0-10 anos (p<0,05). As infecções com envolvimento pulmonar foram as mais citadas (p<0,05) e as penicilinas, os fármacos mais utilizados, presentes em 45,1% das prescrições. Tempo médio de terapêutica (8,9 dias) esteve abaixo do preconizado para otites. Em sinusites, 22% das prescrições não orientaram para o uso recomendado (10 dias). CONCLUSÕES: A inexistência e não utilização de protocolos terapêuticos têm resultado em grande diferença nos padrões de prescrição, levando a insucesso terapêutico e recidiva de infecções - situações frequentemente encontradas neste estudo.<br>INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to find out about the patterns of antibiotic use in the municipality of Sorocaba, through evaluating the reported diagnosis and the therapy used. METHODS: An evaluation tool was applied among antibiotic users over a 12-month period. Sociodemographic data and information relating to health, diagnosis and therapeutics were gathered in relation to 403 users. RESULTS: Great present use and the greatest previous use was found in the 0-10 year-old age group (p < 0.05). Infections with lung involvement were the ones most mentioned (p < 0.05) and penicillins were the drugs most used, present in 45.1% of the prescriptions. The mean duration of therapy for otitis (8.9 days) was below the recommendation. For sinusitis, 22% of the prescriptions did not give guidance regarding recommended use (10 days). CONCLUSIONS: The lack and/or nonuse of therapeutic protocols resulted in great differences in prescription patterns, thereby leading to therapeutic failure and recurrence of infections, which were situations frequently found in this study
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