Quelle place pour l’échographie dans la pratique de l’IVG ?

National audienceUltrasound plays a fundamental role in the management of elective abortions. Although it can improve the quality of post-abortion care, it must not be an obstacle to abortion access. We thus studied the role of ultrasound in pregnancy dating and possible alternatives and analyzed the literature to determine the role of ultrasound in post-abortion follow-up. During an ultrasound scan, the date of conception is estimated by measurement of the crown-rump length (CRL), defined by Robinson, or of the biparietal diameter (BPD), as defined by the French Center for Fetal Ultrasound (CFEF) after 11 weeks of gestation (Robinson and CFEF curves) (grade B). Updated curves have been developed in the INTERGROWTH study. In the context of abortion, the literature recommends the application of a safety margin of 5 days, especially when the CRL and/or BPD measurement indicates a term close to 14 weeks (that is equal or below 80 and 27mm, respectively) (best practice agreement). Accordingly, with the ultrasound measurement reliable to±5 days when its performance meets the relevant criteria, an abortion can take place when the CRL measurement is less than 90mm or the BPD less than 30mm (INTERGROWTH curves) (best practice agreement). While a dating ultrasound should be encouraged, its absence is not an obstacle to scheduling an abortion for women who report that they know the date of their last menstrual period and/or of the at-risk sexual relations and for whom a clinical examination by a healthcare professional is possible (best practice agreement). In cases of intrauterine pregnancy of uncertain viability or of a pregnancy of unknown location, without any particular symptoms, the patient must be able to have a transvaginal ultrasound to increase the precision of the diagnosis (grade B). Various reviews of the literature on post-abortion follow-up indicate that the routine use of ultrasound during instrumental abortions should be avoided (best practice agreement). If it becomes clear immediately after the procedure that the endometrial thickness exceeds 8mm, immediate reaspiration is necessary. Ultrasound examination of the endometrium several days after an instrumental elective abortion does not appear to be relevant (grade B). An analysis of the literature similarly shows that routine ultrasound scans after medical abortions should be avoided. If a transvaginal ultrasound is performed after a medical abortion, it should take place at least two weeks afterwards (best practice agreement). The only aim of an ultrasound examination during follow-up should be to determine whether a gestational sac is present (best practice agreement). Finally, if an ultrasound is performed at any point during pre- or post-abortion care, a report should be drafted, specifying any potential gynecologic abnormalities found, but its absence must not delay the scheduling of the abortion (best practice agreement)

L’interruption volontaire de grossesse : recommandations pour la pratique clinique — Texte des recommandations (texte court).

National audienceObjectif Élaborer des recommandations pour la pratique des IVG. Matériel et méthodes Consultation de la base de données Medline, de la Cochrane Library et des recommandations des sociétés savantes françaises et étrangères. Résultats Le nombre d’IVG est stable depuis plusieurs décennies. Il existe plusieurs éléments expliquant le choix de l’IVG lorsqu’il existe une grossesse non prévue (GNP). L’initiation précoce de la contraception et le choix de la contraception en rapport avec la vie de la femme sont associés à une diminution des GNP. Les contraceptions réversibles de longue durée d’action apparaissent comme une contraception à positionner en première ligne pour l’adolescente du fait de son efficacité (grade C). L’échographie avant une IVG doit être encouragée mais n’est pas indispensable pour réaliser une IVG (accord professionnel). Dès l’apparition échographique de l’embryon, l’estimation de la datation de la grossesse se fait par la mesure de la longueur cranio-caudale (LCC) ou par la mesure du diamètre bipariétal (BIP) à partir de 11 SA (grade B). Les mesures étant fiables à ± 5 jours, l’IVG peut être réalisée lorsque les mesures de LCC et/ou de BIP sont respectivement inférieures à 90 mm et 30 mm (accord professionnel). L’IVG médicamenteuse réalisée avec la dose de 200 mg de mifépristone associé au misoprostol est efficace à tout âge gestationnel (NP1). Avant 7 SA, la prise de mifépristone sera suivie entre 24 et 48 heures de la prise de misoprostol par voie orale, buccale, sublinguale voire vaginale à la dose de 400 μg éventuellement renouvelé après 3 heures (NP1, grade A). Au-delà de 7 SA, les modes d’administration du misoprostol, par voie vaginale, sublinguale ou buccale, sont plus efficaces et mieux tolérés que la voie orale (NP1). Il est recommandé d’utiliser systématiquement une préparation cervicale lors d’une IVG instrumentale (accord professionnel). Le misoprostol est un agent de première intention pour la préparation cervicale à la dose de 400 μg (grade A). L’aspiration évacuatrice est préférable au curetage (grade B). Un utérus perforé lors d’une aspiration instrumentale ne doit pas être considéré en routine comme un utérus cicatriciel (accord professionnel). L’IVG instrumentale n’est pas associée à une augmentation du risque d’infertilité ultérieure ou de GEU (NP2). Les consultations médicales pré-IVG n’influent pas sur la décision d’interrompre ou non la grossesse et une majorité de femmes est assez sûre de son choix lors de ces consultations. L’acceptabilité de la méthode et la satisfaction des femmes semblent plus grandes lorsque celles-ci sont en mesure de choisir la méthode d’IVG (grade B). Il n’y a pas de relation entre une augmentation des troubles psychiatriques et le recours à l’IVG (NP2). Les femmes ayant des antécédents psychiatriques sont à risque accru de troubles psychiques après la survenue d’une grossesse non prévue (NP2). En cas d’IVG instrumentale, la contraception estro-progestative orale et le patch devraient être débutés dès le jour de l’IVG, l’anneau vaginal inséré dans les 5 jours suivant l’IVG (grade B). En cas d’IVG médicamenteuse, l’anneau vaginal devrait être inséré dans la semaine suivant la prise de mifépristone, la contraception estro-progestative orale et le patch devraient être débutés le jour même ou le lendemain de la prise des prostaglandines (grade C). En cas d’IVG instrumentale, l’implant devrait être inséré le jour de l’IVG (grade B). En cas d’IVG médicamenteuse, l’implant peut être inséré à partir du jour de la prise de mifépristone (grade C). Le DIU au cuivre et au lévonorgestrel doit être inséré préférentiellement le jour de l’IVG instrumentale (grade A). En cas d’IVG médicamenteuse, un DIU peut être inséré dans les 10 jours suivant la prise de mifépristone après s’être assuré par échographie de l’absence de grossesse intra-utérine (grade C). Conclusion L’application de ces recommandations devrait favoriser une prise en charge plus homogène et améliorée des femmes désirant une IVG. Summary Objective Develop recommendations for the practice of induced abortion. Materials and methods The Pubmed database, the Cochrane Library and the recommendations from the French and foreign Gyn-Obs societies or colleges have been consulted. Results The number of induced abortions (IA) has been stable for several decades. There are a lot of factors explaining the choice of abortion when there is an unplanned pregnancy (UPP). Early initiation and choice of contraception in connection to the woman's life are associated with lower NSP. Reversible contraceptives of long duration of action should be positioned fist in line for the teenager because of its efficiency (grade C). Ultrasound before induced abortion must be encouraged but should not be obligatory before performing IA (Professional consensus). As soon as the sonographic apparition of the embryo, the estimated date of pregnancy is done by measuring the crown-rump length (CRL) or by measuring the biparietal diameter (BIP) from 11 weeks on (grade B). Reliability of these parameters being ± 5 days, IA could be done if measurements are respectively less than 90 mm for CRL and less than 30 mm for BIP (Professional consensus). A medical IA performed with a dose of 200 mg mifepristone combined with misoprostol is effective at any gestational age (EL1). Before 7 weeks, mifepristone followed between 24 and 48 hours by taking misoprostol orally, buccally sublingually or eventually vaginally at a dose of 400 ug possibly renewed after 3 hours (EL1, grade A). Beyond 7 weeks, misoprostol given vaginally, sublingually or buccally are better tolerated with fewer side effects than oral route (EL1). It is recommended to always use a cervical preparation during an instrumental abortion (Professional consensus). Misoprostol is a first-line agent for cervical preparation at a dose of 400 mcg (grade A). Aspiration evacuation is preferable to curettage (grade B). A perforated uterus during an instrumental suction should not be considered as a scarred uterus (Professional consensus). IA is not associated with increased subsequent risk of infertility or ectopic pregnancy (EL2). The pre-abortion medical consultations does not affect, most of the time, the decision to request an IA. Indeed, a majority of women is quite sure of her choice during these consultations. Acceptability of the method of IA and satisfaction appears to be larger when they are able to choose the abortion method (grade B). There is no relationship between an increase in psychiatric disorders and IA (EL2). Women with psychiatric histories are at increased risk of mental disorders after the occurrence of an UPP (EL2). In case of instrumental abortion, oral estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and the patch should be started from the day of the abortion, the vaginal ring inserted within 5 days of IA (grade B). In case of medical abortion, the vaginal ring should be inserted within a week of taking mifepristone, oral estrogen-progestogen contraceptives and the patch should be initiated on the same day or the day after taking prostaglandins (grade C). In case of instrumental abortion, the contraceptive implant may be inserted on the day of the abortion (grade B). In case of medical abortion, the implant can be inserted on the day of mifepristone (grade C). The copper Intrauterine Device (IUD) and levonorgestrel should be inserted preferably on the day of instrumental abortion (grade A). In case of medical abortion, an IUD can be inserted within 10 days following mifepristone after ensuring by ultrasound of the absence of intrauterine pregnancy (grade C). Conclusion The implementation of these guidelines may promote a better and more homogenous care for women requesting IA in our country

Screening for precancerous anal lesions linked to human papillomaviruses: French recommendations for clinical practice

International audienceAbstract In France, about 2000 new cases of anal cancer are diagnosed annually. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological type, mostly occurring secondary to persistent HPV16 infection. Invasive cancer is preceded by precancerous lesions. In addition to patients with a personal history of precancerous lesions and anal cancer, three groups are at very high risk of anal cancer: (i) men who have sex with men and are living with HIV, (ii) women with a history of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) or vulvar HPV cancer, and (iii) women who received a solid organ transplant more than 10 years ago. The purpose of screening is to detect HSILs so that they can be treated, thereby reducing the risk of progression to cancer. All patients with symptoms should undergo a proctological examination including standard anoscopy. For asymptomatic patients at risk, an initial HPV16 test makes it possible to target patients at risk of HSILs likely to progress to cancer. Anal cytology is a sensitive test for HSIL detection. Its sensitivity is greater than 80% and exceeds that of proctological examination with standard anoscopy. It is indicated in the event of a positive HPV16 test. In the presence of cytological abnormalities and/or lesions and a suspicion of dysplasia on clinical examination, high-resolution anoscopy is indicated. Performance is superior to that of proctological examination with standard anoscopy. However, this technique is not widely available, which limits its use. If high-resolution anoscopy is not possible, screening by a standard proctological examination is an alternative. There is a need to develop high-resolution anoscopy and triage tests and to evaluate screening strategies