Penggunaan Upah Bayangan untuk Memperkirakan Penawaran Tenaga Kerja USAhatani Kasus pada USAhatani Ubikayu di Kabupaten Banyumas

Shadow wages can be used for estimation labor supply of farm household with Cobb-Douglas production function. The research conducted in five villages, i.e., Pageraji, Pejogol,Cilongok, Pernasidi, and Cikidang in Banyumas Regency. The respondents were chosen byCluster Random Sampling. The research result showed that the shadow wages as a supplyfunction of cassava farm in dry land were flatter then in paddy land. The more shadow wagesthe more labor supply

In vivo immunomodulatory effect and histopathological features of mouse liver and kidney treated with neolignans isolated from red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) leaf

Purpose: To investigate in vivo immunomodulatory effect and histopathological feature of mouse liver and kidney following treatment with 2 neolignans (Pc-1 and Pc-2) isolated from red betel (Piper rocatum Ruiz & Pav) leaf.Methods: Balb/c mice immune response was induced with Listeria monocytogenes. Immunomodulatory effect was tested by using macrophage phagocytic, nitric oxide, and lymphocyte proliferation assays. The morphological features of liver and kidney were observed with light microscope and then compared with the liver and kidney of control group.Results: At the dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg body weight, both Pc-1 and Pc-2 significantly increased the activity and the capacity of macrophages (p < 0.05). Both Pc-1 and Pc-2 significantly increased phagocytic activity of macrophage by 25% and 23%, respectively, and phagocytic index to 38 and 52, respectively at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. Increases in nitric oxide production due to Pc-1 and Pc- 2 (at doses of 2.5, 5, and, 10 mg/kg body weight) were also observed although no lymphocyte proliferation effect was observed. Histopathological examination of liver and kidney of mice given Pc-1 demonstrated normal features. On the other hand, hydropic degeneration and liver necrosis were seen in mice given Pc-2 treatment. Based on this result and the structure similarity of the two compounds (Pc-1 and Pc-2), an interesting presumption was made that the –OH functional group (Pc-2) was responsible for the toxicity that caused liver damage.Conclusion: The two neolignans (Pc-1 and Pc-2) isolated from the leaves of P. crocatum Ruiz & Pav. are capable of increasing macrophage phagocytosis as well as nitric oxide production but not lymphocyte proliferation. Histophatological features of liver given Pc-2 demonstrate hydropic degeneration and necrosis, possibly due to the –OH group on Pc-2.Keywords: Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav, Immunomodulatory, Liver necrosis, Kidney, Hydropic degeneration, Macrophage phagocytosi

Zooplankton Community Structure at Majakerta Estuary and Its Surrounding Waters, Indramayu Regency, West Java Province

Majakerta estuary and its surrounding waters have a high potential fishery resource which is commonly utilized by the community around the area. Fluctuation of physical and chemical parameters of the waters and fishery activities around the estuary can influence the existence of zooplankton. This study was conducted from December 2014 to May 2015. Samples of the zooplankton were collected monthly at four stations (consisted of sea, river and estuary areas). Based on the study, zooplankton in the Majakerta estuary and its surrounding waters consisted of six classes; i.e. Protozoa (11 genera), Crustaceae (4 genera, 1 nauplius stadia), and Rotifera (4 genera). A higher abundance was found at the sea (29025 ind./m3), while a lower abundance was at the river and estuary (7147 ind./m3 dan 7582 ind./m3). Based on the zooplankton diversity index, it can be inferred that the value was relatively low. There were two habitat groups, namely Station Group 1 (Station 1 and 2; river and estuary) and Station Group 2 (Station 3 and 4; sea) with influencing parameters such as transparency, pH, and salinity

Effects of Co-chemotherapy Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Roots and Doxorubicin Against Apoptosis Through Expression P53 Mutant and Bcl-2

Background : It was found mutations of p53 gene in Breast cancer. Mutant p53 protein caused a decrease in cell apoptosis mechanisms through increased expression of Bcl-2. Breast cancer therapy is commonly used chemotherapy using Doxorubicin. However, effectiveness of the use of this chemotherapeutic agent is limited due to the emergence of side effects and toxic to normal cells. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new drugs for combination of chemotherapy. Eurycoma longifolia Jack roots has the potential as co-chemotherapy of breast cancer and it is not toxic to normal cells. Method : Rats were divided into 5 groups. Each group consisted of four female white Sprague Dawley rats. Group 1 (Normal), group 2 (DMBA 20 mg/kgB.W), group 3 (DMBA +Doxorubicin 1.12 mg/kgB.W), group 4 (DMBA +fractions 100 mg/kgB.W), group 5 (DMBA+Doxorubicin +fractions). All the rats were sacrificed at weeks 16 and to be taken their breast tissue. Immunohistochemistry was performed using a mouse monoclonal antibody mutant (BioGenex) and Bcl-2 (BIOSS). Results : expression of mutant p53 percentage obtained for group I (9.35 ± 0.32)%, II (21.65 ± 1.60)%, III (10.72 ± 2.52)%, IV (11.63 ± 3.39)%, V (12.72 ± 3.44)%, While the percentage of Bcl-2 expression obtained for I (20.62 ± 10.09)%, II (52.83 ± 3.61)%, III (24.38 ± 3.54)%, IV (38.01 ± 6.25)%, V (27.99 ± 4.27)%. The data was statistically tested by Kruskal Wallis test (p< 0.005). Conclussion : Co-chemotherapy of E. longifolia Jack roots and Doxorubicin can stimulate apoptosis through decreased in the expression of mutant p53 protein and Bcl-2 in breast tissue of rats induced by DMBA

Efek Pemaparan Deltamethrin pada Broiler terhadap Aktivitas Enzim Alanin Aminotransferase, Aspartat Aminotransferase dan Gambaran Histopatologi Hepar

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of deltamethrin exposure on the Broiler\u27s liver histopathological feature, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzyme activity. Fourty DOC Broilers strain New Loghman are divided into four group of ten and they were adapted for 5 days prior to the treatment. Group I (KI) is a control group, group II were given 20 mg/L deltamethrin, group III were given 10 mg/L deltamethrin and exposure deltamethrin concentration 10 mg/L and group IV were given 5 mg/L delthametrin. Deltamethrin was mixed with drinking water and then was given to the treatment group for 30 days. Blood samples were taken on day 0, day 15 and day 30 of treatment to determine of ALT and AST enzyme activity. On day 35, all animal were sacrificed, liver were taken out and fixed in 10% of buffer formalin for microscopic examination. Results of the AST enzyme activity shows that exposure to 20 mg/L and 10 mg/L deltamethrin for 30 days resulted in the histopathological changes of the liver, such as, fatty degeneration, necrosis on liver cells, inflamation of the liver, and necrosis on liver cells without the infiltration of inflamation cells. It is conclude that exposure to 20 mg/L deltamethrin for 30 days resulted in an increase in AST enzyme activity which is supported liver histopathological changes: fatty degeneration, necrosis, inflamation, and necrosis on liver cells without the infiltration of inflamation cells

Gambaran Histopatologi Otak Tikus Akibat Injeksi Trimetyltin Sebagai Model Penyakit Alzheimer

Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is an organotin compound which neurotoxic at limbus system and hippocampus in human and animal. Pathology changes that caused by the induction of TMT is a neurodegenerative disorder such as nerve cell death and cognitive impairment. This study was aimed to observe brain pathology induced by TMT with multiple doses for 14, 21 and 28 days after treatment. Twenty seven of Wistar rats, at 2 months of age with weight ranging between 200-300 grams were used and divided randomly into 3 groups (n=9). Group I were injected by trimetyiltin with a dose of 6 mg / kg, group II were injected bytrimetyltin with a dose of 8 mg / kg and group III as control without injection. Observation of brain pathology was done by euthanasia on day 14, 21 and 28 after treatment, three rats each. Cortex and hippocampus of the brainwere observed using Hematoxilin and Eosin staining (HE). All of the research procedure was done with the approval and supervision of Animal Ethics Committee LPPT UGM No. 300/KEC-LPPT/VII/2015. The observation of histopathology of the brain's neuron cells injected by trimetyltin dose of 6 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg body weight was showed increasing cell death of brain neurons in the cortex and hippocampus compared to the control group. The highest cell death was on day 14 in the hippocampus and cortex cerebral on day 21after TMT injection. The neuron cell death characterized by the shrink of brain neurons as well as colored eosinophilic cytoplasm. One way ANOVA statistical analysis showed a significant difference number of neurons cell deathbetween control and treatment groups. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the trimetyltin injection dose of 6 mg / kg and 8 mg / kg of body weight caused neuron cell death in the brain rats from fourteen day aftertreatment, especially in the hippocampus and cortex

Efek Anti Angiogenesis Temu Kunci (Boesenbergia Pandurata , (Roxb.) Schlecht) Pada Membran Korio Alantois Embrio Ayam Yang Diinduksi Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (Bfgf)

Pertumbuhan kanker dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor salah satunya adalah angiogenesis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktifitas anti kanker dari ekstrak n-heksan, etil asetat dan isolat pinostrobin dari rimpang temu kunci sebagai anti-angiogenesis pada membran korio alantois (CAM) embrio ayam yang diinduksi bFGF. Serbuk kering temu kunci dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksan dan etil asetat, ekstrak kemudian dipekatkan. Pinostrobin diisolasi dari ekstrak etil asetat dengan kromatografi cair vakum menggunakan gradient pelarut n-heksan:etil asetat, fraksi terbaik diambil untuk dilanjutkan dengan KLT preparatif. Hasil isolat diidentifikasi menggunakan KLT Densitometri dengan pembanding standar pinostrobin. Nilai panjang gelombang maksimum dari isolat dan standar pinostrobin masing-masing adalah 298 nm dan 299 nm. Uji anti angiogenik dilakukan pada telur berembrio umur 8-9 hari yang dibagi dalam dua belas kelompok perlakuan. kelompok kontrol dan perlakuan. Kelompok kontrol terdiri dari kelompok I (paper disc), kelompok II (bFGF), dan kelompok III (bFGF + 0,8 % DMSO). Kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari kelompok IV (n-heksana 15 ug/ml), kelompok V (n-heksana 30 ug/ml), kelompok VI (n-heksana 60 ug/ml) , kelompok VII (etil asetat 15 mg/ml) , golongan VIII (etil asetat 30 mg/ml), kelompok IX (etil asetat 60 mg/ml), kelompok X (pinostrobin 10 nM), kelompok XI (pinostrobin 100 nM), kelompok XII (pinostrobin 1000 nM). Setelah diinkubasi selama 3 hari pada suhu 38,5°C, telur dibuka dan isi telur dikeluarkan, kemudian membran korioallantois yang melekat pada cangkang diamati secara makroskopik dan mikroskopik menggunakan antibodi VEGF. Pengamatan makroskopis menunjukkan bahwa pinostrobin memiliki efek anti angiogenesis dengan persentase daya hambat angiogenesis yang semakin tinggi seiring peningkatan dosis sedangkan pengamatan mikroskopis menunjukkan adanya sel endotel yang terekspresi oleh VEGF pada kelompok etil asetat dan isolat pinostrobin. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak n-heksan, etil asetat dan isolat pinostrobin memiliki efek sebagai anti angiogenesis melalui jalur penghambatan bFGF, sedangkan yang menghambat angiogenesis melalui jalur penghambatan VEGF hanya pada kelompok etil asetat dan isolat pinostrobin