Formulation and Invitro Evaluation of Immediate Release Tablets Containing Febuxostat

In the present research work, Febuxostat Immediate Release Tablet was prepared by direct compression method using varying concentrations of Lycoat, Crospovidone& Croscarmellose sodium as disintegrants. The formulations prepared were evaluated for precompression& post-compression parameters. From the drug excipient compatibility studies, we observe that there are no interactions between the pure drug (Febuxostat) and optimized formulation (Febuxostat+ excipients) which indicates there are no physical changes. Post compression parameters were found to be within the limits. Among the formulation prepared the tablet containing 12mg of CCS shows 98.13% of the drug release within 45 min & follows first-order kinetics

Enhanced electron emission from coated metal targets: Effect of surface thickness on performance

In this work, we establish an analytical formalism to address the temperature dependent electron emission from a metallic target with thin coating, operating at a finite temperature. Taking into account three dimensional parabolic energy dispersion for the target (base) material and suitable thickness dependent energy dispersion for the coating layer, Fermi Dirac statistics of electron energy distribution and Fowler’s mechanism of the electron emission, we discuss the dependence of the emission flux on the physical properties such as the Fermi level, work function, thickness of the coating material, and operating temperature. Our systematic estimation of how the thickness of coating affects the emission current demonstrates superior emission characteristics for thin coating layer at high temperature (above 1000 K), whereas in low temperature regime, a better response is expected from thicker coating layer. This underlying fundamental behavior appears to be essentially identical for all configurations when work function of the coating layer is lower than that of the bulk target work function. The analysis and predictions could be useful in designing new coated materials with suitable thickness for applications in the field of thin film devices and field emitters

IMPLEMENTATION OF LOAD FOLLOWING IN MULTI AREA HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM UNDER RESTRUCTURED ENVIRONMENT

This paper presents the method in implementing the concept of load following adapted in an Automatic Generation Control (AGC) under restructured scenario. Open transmission access and the evolving of more socialized companies for generation, transmission and distribution affects the formulation of AGC problem. To accommodate new constraints associated with territorial of the traditional AGC two area system is modified to take into account the role of AGC in open market system. This paper investigates the performance of a load following controller on each generator involved in bilateral contracts. A suitable control strategy is also proposed for the generators taking part in load following to share a portion of the uncontracted power demanded by the customers. The concept of Disco Participation is employed and reflected in the two-area block diagram. The proposed system is tested for a two area hydrothermal system considering without and with contract violation. Simulation results show that the concept of load following is successfully implemented in the syste

Haplotypes on 9p21 modify the risk for coronary artery disease among Indians

The chromosomal region 9p21 has been reported to be associated with myocardial infarction, Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), diabetes and many other related multifactorial diseases in humans. Although the genome-wide association studies have identified a limited number of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) at 9p21 for CAD risk, the role of flanking SNPs has not been studied so far. Therefore, in the present work, we studied the role of flanking SNPs with respect to that of the previously identified SNPs rs10757278 and rs2383207 at 9p21 among the Indian subjects found to have CAD (n = 414) along with age- and sex-matched control subjects (n = 408). Our study replicated the association of genome-wide association studies that had identified SNPs rs2383207 (p = 4.7 × 10⁻⁵) and rs10757278 (p = 5.5 × 10⁻⁵) among Indians with CAD. Further, we evaluated nine additional SNPs, of which two SNPs flanking rs2383207 (rs1537375 [p = 2.4 × 10⁻⁵] and rs1537374 [p = 5.6 × 10⁻⁵]) were also strongly associated with CAD. The haplotypes constructed using four risk SNPs revealed that the haplotypes with combinations of rs10757278 showed CAD risks, whereas the minor alleles of rs2383207, rs1537375, and rs1537374 in combinations reduce the CAD risks substantially. Our study demonstrates that the variation in the chromosomal region 9p21 is involved in modifying progression toward CAD among Indians and the risk may be variable, contributed by the SNPs that are flanking previously identified SNPs

Capability of polygonum cuspidatum extract in inhibiting AGEs and preventing diabetes

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder disease associated with advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and protein glycation. The effect of polygonum cuspidatum extract (PE) on AGEs and Nε‐(Carboxymethyl)‐L‐lysine formation, protein glycation, and diabetes was investigated. Six primary phenolics in a range of 12.36 mg/g for ellagic acid to 0.01 mg/g for piceid were determined in PE. In an intermediate‐moisture‐foods model, inhibition rate of PE was as high as 54.2% for AGEs and 78.9% for CML under aw 0.75. The protein glycation was also inhibited by PE. In a diabetic rat model, the levels of blood glucose, serum malondialdehyde, cholesterol, triglycerides, and low‐density lipoproteins were effectively reduced by PE treatment. The antioxidation capacity (T‐AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were also mediated by PE. Additionally, the activates of liver function‐related enzymes including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) in diabetic rat were improved by PE