The Rhesus Rotavirus Gene Encoding VP4 Is a Major Determinant in the Pathogenesis of Biliary Atresia in Newborn Mice▿†

Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating disease of childhood for which increasing evidence supports a viral component in pathogenesis. The murine model of BA is induced by perinatal infection with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) but not with other strains of rotavirus, such as TUCH. To determine which RRV gene segment(s) is responsible for pathogenesis, we used the RRV and TUCH strains to generate a complete set of single-gene reassortants. Eleven single-gene “loss-of-function” reassortants in which a TUCH gene replaced its RRV equivalent and 11 single-gene “gain-of-function” reassortants in which an RRV gene replaced its TUCH equivalent were generated. Newborn BALB/c mice were inoculated with the reassortants and were monitored for biliary obstruction and mortality. In vitro, the ability to bind to and replicate within cholangiocytes was analyzed. Infection of mice with the “loss-of-function” reassortant RT(VP4), where gene 4 from TUCH was placed on an RRV background, eliminated the ability of RRV to cause murine BA. In a reciprocal fashion, the “gain-of-function” reassortant TR(VP4) resulted in murine BA with 88% mortality. Compared with those for RRV, RT(VP4) binding and titers in cholangiocytes were significantly attenuated, while TR(VP4) binding and titers were significantly increased over those for TUCH. Reassortants RT(VP3) and TR(VP3) induced an intermediate phenotype. RRV gene segment 4 plays a significant role in governing tropism for the cholangiocyte and the ability to induce murine BA. Gene segment 3 did not affect RRV infectivity in vitro but altered its in vivo effect