Physicochemical Properties Analysis of Three Indexes Pineapple (Ananas Comosus) Peel Extract Variety N36

AbstractPineapple peel is a major waste in pineapple canning industry. It has limited data on the physicochemical properties of pineapple peel for several ripening stages. It has high added value in many areas of study and approach to green technology development. For such industrial processes to be technically and economically feasible, it is important to have the analysis data of the physicochemical properties. Thus, physicochemical properties study of pineapple peel extract is very important in fruit waste extract technology. This study examined the physicochemical properties of the pineapple peel extract variety N36 for three different ripening stages: indexes 1, 2 and 3. Physicochemical properties such as total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), absorbance and pulp content of pineapple peel extract were determined. It was found that the physicochemical properties: TSS, pH values, TA, absorbance and pulp content were significantly increased at the 5% level with the increase in ripening stages. These new data on ripening changes occurring in pineapple (Ananas comosus) peel variety N36 can contribute to further development in the agricultural sector

Insights into membrane distillation application for textile wastewater treatment – A review

Textile wastewater must be effectively treated with the best available technology prior to release to receiving water bodies to prevent its impact on the environment. Apparently, membrane distillation shows great potential in treating textile wastewater a part of the complexity of the textile wastewater composition. This membrane process enables the water vapour to pass through its porous hydrophobic membrane and retains the concentrated pollutants to be transported. This paper provides data and information from previous studies using membrane distillation to treat textile wastewater. An overview of the development of membrane distillation as well as the fundamental theory is presented. Recent progress in the application of membrane distillation in textile wastewater is then discussed. The final part of the paper looked at the future orientation of this technology to be acceptable in the industrial sector, especially for the textile industry

Current research on the application of membrane distillation technology in industrial wastewater treatment: A review

Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging technology for separations and purifications that claims to be a cost-effective separation process, has high removal capacity and flexibility of operation. As an attractive separating process, MD has been the subject of worldwide academic studies. Unfortunately, from the commercial standpoint, MD has gained only little acceptance and yet to be implemented in industry. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the recent applications of MD in treatment of industrial wastewater in order to obtain clean water and to recover valuable compounds. Besides, the limitation encountered during MD process including membrane fouling, membrane pore-wetting, thermal polarization, concentration polarization and energy consumption were also discussed

Application of Genetic Algorithm for the Optimization of Energy Saving Glass Coating Structure Design

Attenuation of GSM, GPS and personal communication signal leads to poor communication inside the building using regular shapes of energy saving glass coating. Thus, the transmission is very low. A brand new type of band pass frequency selective surface (FSS) for energy saving glass application is presented in this paper for one unit cell. Numerical Periodic Method of Moment approach according to a previous study has been applied to determine the new optimum design of one unit cell energy saving glass coating structure. Optimization technique based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to obtain an improved in return loss and transmission signal. The unit cell of FSS is designed and simulated using the CST Microwave Studio software at based on industrial, scientific and medical bands (ISM). A unique and irregular shape of an energy saving glass coating structure is obtained with lower return loss and improved transmission coefficient

Fouling studies on hydrophobic PVDF-bentonite hollow fiber membrane during membrane distillation of palm oil mill effluent

Membrane distillation (MD) is one of the emerging methods that can be adopted for oily wastewater treatment. However, the problems associated with membrane surface fouling may impede its separation efficiency. In this work, we performed a fouling study using self-synthesized polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-bentonite hollow fiber membrane (HFM) to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME) via direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). To date, there is no report on POME treatment using MD technology based on PVDF-bentonite HFM. The fouling tendency was identified based on the membrane's permeate flux and pollutant rejection. The fouled membranes after POME treatment were characterized based on its morphology, functional group, water contact angle, surface roughness and mechanical strength. The results showed that the average permeate flux of MD was 3.34 kg/m2·h over 72-h operation. The membrane showed good performance in separating pollutants with >95 % removal rate recorded for chemical oxygen demand, nitrate nitrogen, total suspended solid, total dissolved solid, color and turbidity. However, based on the post-characterization analysis, the used membranes still suffered from fouling after 72-h DCMD test. Thus, an in-depth investigation into the prevention and control of membrane fouling is still necessary for the POME treatment using DCMD

Industrial application of membrane distillation technology using palm oil mill effluent in Malaysia

The palm oil industry plays a vital role in the nation's economy. Regardless of the high revenue generated, the main problem in the palm oil industry is its substantial amount of wastes including empty fruit bunches, oil palm trunks and in particular palm oil mill effluent (POME) which can be harmful to the environment if discharged without being treated. The objective of this work is to introduce advanced wastewater treatment technology, which is membrane distillation (MD) technology for the effluent treatment system. PVDF hollow fibre membranes were fabricated via wet spinning technique and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and contact angle goniometer. The fabricated membranes were then tested in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system using anaerobic POME as the feed solution. The effluent was analyzed before and after treatment with DCMD. The parameters included biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (AN), nitrate-nitrogen (NN), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), colour and turbidity. A preliminary test was carried out using distilled water before continuing with anaerobic POME as a feed solution. The average permeate flux obtained by the PVDF membrane is 2.509 kg/m2.hr with slight flux decline that is probably due to the attachment of biological compounds on the membrane pores. It was found that at least 90% rejection was obtained for almost all water quality parameters tested with the values were all lower than that of the standard set by the local authority. In a conclusion, it can be said that MD demonstrated excellent performance in treating palm oil wastewater to produce water of high quality

Fabrication and performance evaluation of Integrated Solar Driven Membrane Distillation System with Serpentine-shape of Flat Plate Solar Collector for Seawater Desalination

Solar-powered membrane distillation (SPMD) system has gained its popularity in desalination application for past decade credit to the system efficiency in producing pure water and the utilization of renewable energy. However, most of the past SPMD works used commercial solar thermal collector (STC) as the thermal energy supply to the feed solution and the study only focused on the performance of the system in terms of flux and salt rejection. In this work, a self-made flat plate solar collector (FPSC) with the serpentine-shape pipe was designed and fabricated to study the effect of the STC towards the membrane performance. Before testing, a simulation work of the fluid flow inside the serpentine-shape pipe of the FPSC was analyzed using NX 10.0 computer-aided design simulation. After that, the efficiency of the self-made FPSC system was tested directly to sunlight in order to identify the maximum irradiance and the temperature of the feed solution. Due to the fluctuation of solar irradiance, the experimental setup of the SPMD system was tested using a solar simulator, and the performance was compared with the membrane distillation (MD) system without integration with FPSC system. Based on the simulation data, it can be concluded that the heat losses across the pipe are due to the slower fluid velocity and sudden pressure drop, which attributed to centripetal force and pressure differences. Meanwhile, the outdoor evaluation data showed that the temperatures of collector and water inside the feed tank could reach up to 84°C and 64°C, respectively when the maximum irradiance of 938 W/m2 was applied. For the performance evaluation between with and without the self-made FPSC system, it can be seen that only marginal difference can be observed for the permeate flux and salt rejection with an average difference of 6.06% and 1.29%, respectively

Tackling colour issue of anaerobically-treated palm oil mill effluent using membrane technology

In this work, the performances of membranes with different properties were evaluated for their capabilities in treating anaerobically-treated palm oil mill effluent (AT-POME). Unlike raw POME, AT-POME is the effluent that has been biologically treated to reduce mainly the organic compounds present in the effluent. The treated effluent however still demonstrates brownish by the time it is discharged to receiving water bodies. The samples treated by membranes were assessed with respect to two colour parameters, i.e. absorbance at 370nm wavelength and ADMI value. Other parameters also considered were total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN). Results showed that nanofiltration membrane (NF270) always demonstrated greater colour removal efficiencies in comparison to ultrafiltration membranes (UF 10kDa and UF 30kDa). The NF270 membrane achieved 97.4-97.9% colour removal compared to 72.4-75.4% and 48.1-50.5% shown by UF 10kDa and UF 30kDa, respectively. Further sample quality analyses revealed that NF membrane could achieve higher TOC and TN removal than those of UF membranes. Although NF membrane demonstrated excellent separation, its performance was compromised by low water flux (6.58L/m2h at 10bar). Since the treated effluent is not targeted for reuse, employing UF 10kDa membrane with reasonably good rejection rate coupled high water flux (9.66L/m2h at 5bar) is considered good enough to meet the discharged requirements. Further investigations have shown that UF 10kDa membrane is less susceptible to fouling when it is operated at low pressure and for the fouled membrane, chemical cleaning could be employed to retrieve water flux