Effect of litter type and perches on footpad dermatitis and hock burn in broilers housed at different stocking densities

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of litter type and environmental enrichment on the occurrence of footpad dermatitis and hock burns in broilers housed at low and high stocking densities. Chopped straw and sand were used as litter, and perches as environmental enrichment. Low and high stocking density implied 12 chickens/m2 and 20 chickens/m2, respectively. The study sample was divided into four groups of 50 birds, which were observed during a six-week fattening period. A significantly higher rate of severe footpad dermatitis was recorded in the group of chickens raised on sand at high stocking density, compared with low stocking density, whereas no significant difference was found between the groups of chickens raised on straw at different stocking densities. The rate of footpad dermatitis was also significantly higher in the group of chickens raised on sand at high stocking density, compared with chickens raised on straw at the same stocking density. There were no group differences in the occurrences of hock burns and perching. However, a significant negative correlation was recorded between perching and the occurrence of footpad dermatitis and hock burns. According to the occurrence of footpad dermatitis and hock burns, the study results suggested that chopped straw and sand were equally acceptable as litter for broilers, yet sand should be avoided at high stocking densities. There was no effect of stocking density and litter type on perching, but perches as a form of environmental enrichment proved efficient in reducing the rate of footpad dermatitis and hock burns.Keywords: chickens, contact dermatitis, environmental enrichment, housing, san

Preparation and Crystallographic Data of Phosphates with Common Formula M1M~v (P04)3 (M 1 = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; M 1v= Zr, Hf)

The investigation of alkali metal salts of zirconium and hafnium phosphates began in connection with the study of similar thorium and tetravalent uraniumphosphates. The common formula of these compounds is M1M ~v (P04) 3 withM 1 = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and M 1Y = Th, U, Zr, Hf. The crystal growth and crystallographicdata of NaTh2(P04) 3 , NaU2 (P04 ) 3 and KTh2 (P04 ) 3 have alreadybeen published1 ,2 • They are monoclinic, space groups C2 /c or Cc with four formula weights per unit cell, and have very close lattice parameters. The questionis whether a similar compound with tetravalent metal other than thorium oruranium(IV) can be prepared in a similar way and whether it has similar crystallographic properties

The Positions of Hydrogen Atoms in (NH4)2CuCl4 · 2 H2O by Neutron Diffraction

The structure of (NH4)2 CuCl4 · 2 H2O has been determined from two-dimensional neutron data. The R index is 5.6% when unobserved reflections are omitted. Two water oxygen atoms with t he Cu-O distance of 1.98 A and two chlorine atoms with the Cu-Cl distance of 2.30 A form a planar Cu(OH2 ) 2 Cl 2 grouping. Each copper atom also forms two long Cu-Cl bonds of 3.03 A with the other two chlorine atoms and so completes its distorted octahedral configuration. The structure consists of distorted 1[Cu(OH2l2Ch]Ch octahedra connected by hydrogen bonds and NH4 tetrahedra which occupy holes between the three-dimensional network of octahedra

The Positions of Hydrogen Atoms in (NH4)2CuCl4 · 2 H2O by Neutron Diffraction

The structure of (NH4)2 CuCl4 · 2 H2O has been determined from two-dimensional neutron data. The R index is 5.6% when unobserved reflections are omitted. Two water oxygen atoms with t he Cu-O distance of 1.98 A and two chlorine atoms with the Cu-Cl distance of 2.30 A form a planar Cu(OH2 ) 2 Cl 2 grouping. Each copper atom also forms two long Cu-Cl bonds of 3.03 A with the other two chlorine atoms and so completes its distorted octahedral configuration. The structure consists of distorted 1[Cu(OH2l2Ch]Ch octahedra connected by hydrogen bonds and NH4 tetrahedra which occupy holes between the three-dimensional network of octahedra

Financial power and funding of political parties in Serbia

У раду се указује на улогу и значај политичких партија у савременом демократском друштву и посвећује се нарочита пажња питању потребе за финансијским средствима. Партије су, и поред пресудног значаја за парламентарни систем власти, дуго биле вануставна категорија све до друге половине XX века. Драматичан раст трошкова који представља „цену демократије“ учинио је да политичке финансије поприме пресудан значај. Како се финансирање партија и њихових активности пре свега врши путем новца те, да би се спречило његово коруптивно дејство у политици, неопходно је предузети неке мере на државном нивоу. Настојање да се изборни услови и шансе политичких партија изједначе и практично, а не само теоретски и принципијелно, односно да периодично упражњена највиша места у власти буду доступна свим учесницима политичке трке, довело је до захтева за уједначавајућом, регулативном интервенцијом државе, али и до потребе финансирања партија и њихових изборних кампања и из јавних односно државних извора. Као основна подела јавног односно државног финансирања усвојена је подела, на основу критеријума законитости, на легално и нелагално финансирање. Посебна пажња посвећена је питању финансирања политичких партија из иностранства. Како је политичка власт, у материјалном смислу, нарочито уносна за њене носиоце, а при томе по природи ствари недовољно контролисана и одговорна у свим видовима, логичан је закључак да је пут корупцији у политици потпуно проходан. У демократским системима на власт се долази изборима и кроз међустраначку утакмицу, самим тим су и избори и политичке партије онај оквир и подлога за коруптивну размену и трансакцију утицаја, права или материјалних добара. Посебно је ово уочљиво у друштвима са још увек снажним јавним сектором у којима партије, кроз претходно развијене механизме, „поседују“ државу и њене ресурсе и, на тај начин и на различитим нивоима власти, својим штићеницима који су их, на различите начине, задужили могу поделити велики број уносних државних послова и радних места.This thesis highlights the place and importance of political parties in a modern democratic society. Special attention is paid to the issue of founding of political parties. Despite their utmost importance to the parliamentary system of power, for a long time, until the second half of the twentieth century, parties have been an extraconstitutional category. The dramatic increase of the expenses which represent the “price of democracy” resulted in political finances gaining crucial importance. As the financing of political parties and their activities is primarily done by means of money, it is necessary to take measures at the national level in order to prevent corruptive effect of money in politics. The effort that the electoral conditions and the chances of political parties are equalised and not just theoretically but in practice as well and in principal terms, i.e., that periodically vacant highest positions in the government are made accessible to all participants in the political race, has led to demands for an equalising regulatory intervention of the state as well as to the need to finance political parties and their election campaigns from public, state sources. As a principal division of public i.e. state funding, a division was adopted based on the criteria of legality into two types of funding: legal and illegal. Special attention was paid to the issue of political party financing from abroad. As political power can be and is in the material sense especially lucrative for its holders, and by its nature is insufficiently controlled and accountable in all respects, it is logical to conclude that the road to corruption in politics is completely open. In democratic systems, elections and competition within the party are the ways to come to power, and therefore elections and political parties make the framework and the basis for a corrupt trade and exchange of impacts, rights or material goods. This is particularly evident in societies with the strong public sector in which parties, through the mechanisms developed earlier “have control” over the state and its resources, and thus at different levels of power may pay back to their protégés who had indebted them in many ways by giving them a large number of lucrative state jobs and positions. Bearing in mind that there is a discrepancy between the actual cost of election campaigns of political parties and legal amounts obtained for these purposes, it is clear that significant funds remain outside the law and legal flows, and thus the matter of control and public control further gains in importance

The Crystal Structure of Potassium Dithorium Trisphosphate, KTb2(P04)3

The structure of KTh2(P04h has been determined .from threedimensional X-ray data. The crystals are monoclinic with a= 17.57, b = 6.863, c = 8.138 A, B = 101° 46\u27, Dx = 5.45 g · cm-3• The space group is C2/c and there are four formula urnts per unit cell. It follows from the interatomic distances that the compound is potassium tr.isphosphatodithorate defined by . the formula K [Th2(P04)a]. Nine oxygen atoms are bound to the thorium atom; their distances range from 2.26 to 2.66 A. Eight oxygen atoms are coordinated around potass·ium atom; their distances range from 2.74 to 3.09 A . . The distances in the P04 groups do not deviate significantly from known data

DJELOVANJE TEMPERATURE ZRAKA, RELATIVNE VLAGE I BRZINE STRUJANJA ZRAKA NA BROJ GLJIVICA I ZRAKOM NOŠENU EMISIJU IZ MLIJEČNIH STAJA NA OKOLIŠ

An Merck MAS-100 air sampler was employed with respective nutrient agar for capture, incubation and counting of airborne fungi. Microclimate parameters were simultaneously determined by a Testo 400 device. Air sampling was done once a week in the morning, at noon at 12:00) and in the evening (at 19:00) during two autumn months. Within the barn, measurements were performed in the animal housing area along the feedlot, and outside the barn at a distance of 5 m, 25 m and 50 m eastward and westward from the barn. The mean values of total airborne fungi count in the barn air was 7.23x103 CFU/m3 in the morning, 2.84x104 CFU/m3 at noon, and 7.25x104 CFU/m3 in the evening. Fungi count showed a statistically significant decrease as close as 5 m from the barn (p0.05). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da uvjeti držanja, konstrukcija i položaj staje, te broj mliječnih krava ne utječu na broj gljivica i emisiju u staji i izvan nje, te tako ne djeluju na zdravlje i proizvodnju životinja ili onečišćenje okoliša