Some Aspects Of Browning\u27s Satire: Browning, Donne, And Mandeville

The purpose of this study is to show that some aspects of Browning\u27s satire clarify his use of tradition by indicating his readiness to appropriate and adapt satiric forms of ancient origin to his own poetic purposes. A main focus on religious, aesthetic, and satiric elements in Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day leads to a comparison of this poem with the Satyres of John Donne that were written in the tradition of formal verse satire. Similarly, the later poem With Bernard de Mandeville is compared to Mandeville\u27s The Fable of the Bees and the tradition of Menippean satire. These comparisons reveal common factors related to structural design and patterns of though that suggest Browning\u27s close identification with both Mandeville and Donne, and his reliance upon the satiric methods they employ in their works.;The study considers the classical background of the formal verse satire of the Renaissance to show that its typical semi-dramatic form and harsher sort of satire is a legacy of two traditions--the ancient Roman satura, and the Greek satyr play. Donne retains the methods of the ancients, but creates his own version of Christian satire by depicting a speaker whose role of satirist is transformed by his growing awareness of an existential reality that demands an arduous struggle toward Truth. Formal verse satire lost favour among eighteenth-century poets who were striving for harmony in numbers, a trend well illustrated by Pope\u27s versifications of two of the Satyres; nor was the tradition revived in the nineteenth century when critics maintained that the high status of poetry should not be impaired by invective. Yet a review of Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day suggests that Browning is looking back to the Satyres in his portrayal of a narrator whose process of religious experience is dependent upon his response to God\u27s occult ways as much as to events in the natural world.;The Menippean satiric tradition, as reflected in The Fable of the Bees, offers Browning the means of rejecting a philosophus glorious figure, or the intellectual pedant who recognizes man\u27s finite nature before God, but lacks the imaginative capacity to retain faith in a divine order where evil is coexistent with good. With Bernard de Mandeville confirms Browning\u27s adherence to a theory of poetics based upon the idea that Art may tell a truth obliquely, and it also gives assent to a concept of progression through time that allows for the changes and growth that are essential to the development of the individual soul, as well as to the cultural advancement of mankind

Isolation and characterization of the mitochondrial channel, VDAC, from the insect Heliothis virescens

AbstractA 31 kDa voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) protein was purified from the insect Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm, denoted TBW) using an alkali extraction and filtration procedure and was characterized by SDS-PAGE, amino acid sequencing, biophysical properties and immunocytochemistry. The N-terminal sequence has highest identity with VDACs from mammals (50–66%) followed by plants (34–41%) and lower eukaryotes (30–34%). Reconstitution in planar phospholipid membranes yielded properties typical of VDACs from other organisms including a single-channel conductance of 4.1 nS (in 1 M KCl), closure in response to positive and negative transmembrane voltage, and a reversal potential of 11.8 mV indicating anion selectivity in the open state. A polyclonal antiserum (R19) raised against gel-purified 31 kDa protein specifically labelled mitochondria and mitochondrial outer membranes in TBW flight muscle by light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry

TECHNICAL NOTE - Single embryoid body formation in a multi-well plate

Embryoid bodies (EB) formed from murine embryonic stem (ES) cells recapitulate many aspects of a developing embryo. Of specific importance, synchronous differentiation of EB recapitulates organ-specific development and is achieved in culture by formation of uniformly sized EB. The method described here demonstrates a simple and cost-effective way of generating EB from murine ES cells. Single EB are formed in a multi-well plate format and large numbers of EB are generated using a 96-well multi-well plate. Uniform single-sized EB formed in the multi-well are an ideal system for screening compounds and determining differentiation effects. Since EB contain all three germ layers, they are appropriate for studying small molecule effects on differentiation of ES such as is performed in high-throughput screening protocols

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Uses the Mannose-6-Phosphate Receptor to Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier

HIV-1 circulates both as free virus and within immune cells, with the level of free virus being predictive of clinical course. Both forms of HIV-1 cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms by which infected immune cells cross the blood-brain barrier BBB. How HIV-1 as free virus crosses the BBB is less clear as brain endothelial cells are CD4 and galactosylceramide negative. Here, we found that HIV-1 can use the mannose-6 phosphate receptor (M6PR) to cross the BBB. Brain perfusion studies showed that HIV-1 crossed the BBB of all brain regions consistent with the uniform distribution of M6PR. Ultrastructural studies showed HIV-1 crossed by a transcytotic pathway consistent with transport by M6PR. An in vitro model of the BBB was used to show that transport of HIV-1 was inhibited by mannose, mannan, and mannose-6 phosphate and that enzymatic removal of high mannose oligosaccharide residues from HIV-1 reduced transport. Wheatgerm agglutinin and protamine sulfate, substances known to greatly increase transcytosis of HIV-1 across the BBB in vivo, were shown to be active in the in vitro model and to act through a mannose-dependent mechanism. Transport was also cAMP and calcium-dependent, the latter suggesting that the cation-dependent member of the M6PR family mediates HIV-1 transport across the BBB. We conclude that M6PR is an important receptor used by HIV-1 to cross the BBB

Immune Responses Accelerate Ageing: Proof-of-Principle in an Insect Model

The pathology of many of the world's most important infectious diseases is caused by the immune response. Additionally age-related disease is often attributed to inflammatory responses. Consequently a reduction in infections and hence inflammation early in life has been hypothesized to explain the rise in lifespan in industrialized societies. Here we demonstrate experimentally for the first time that eliciting an immune response early in life accelerates ageing. We use the beetle Tenebrio molitor as an inflammation model. We provide a proof of principle for the effects of early infection on morbidity late in life and demonstrate a long-lasting cost of immunopathology. Along with presenting a proof-of-principle study, we discuss a mechanism for the apparently counter-adaptive persistence of immunopathology in natural populations. If immunopathology from early immune response only becomes costly later in life, natural selection on reducing self-harm would be relaxed, which could explain the presence of immune self-harm in nature

Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink

An internship in public administration performed at Pima County Adult Probation Office Tucson, Arizona: June 16, 1969 - August 25, 1969

The internship experience with the Pima County Superior Court Adult Probation Office provided opportunities to observe administrative principles, policies, procedures, and practices, and to observe and to participate in the actual use of professional correctional policies, principles, practices and techniques in a community adult probation program. Administrative techniques were observed during the day-to-day activities of the probation office as practiced by the chief probation officer, his chief deputy and his staff. Publications which pertained to the administration of this and related agencies were studied. The administration and operation of collateral governmental executive and judicial agencies were also observed. Services of these agencies were often used. Probation deputies were observed during the performance of every function of their offices. Additional professional knowledge was gained by study of relevant documents and publications, and by personal interviews. Direct participation in probationary activities was experienced while assisting the other probation officers in the performance of their professional duties and by personally completing six presentence Investigations and reports, by participating in judicial sentencing procedures, by completing post-sentencing dispositions, and by conducting probation treatment and supervision activities. The records and files of the probation office were examined and studied. Part of this perusal was incidental to the compilation of probation caseload and presentence report statistical information. As the internship progressed, a comparison was made of academic knowledge and practical use of the principles, policies, and practices of administration and correctional probation.Diary in lieu of thesis (M.P.A. - Public Administration) --University of Arizona