Миграционный кризис в Европейском Союзе: происхождение, особенности и меры противодействия

The present paper studies the mass and uncontrollable streams of migrants into the European Union (EU) starting from 2014. In scientific and public discourse, this phenomenon was called the “migratory crisis”. The paper analyzes the causes of forced migration from Africa and the Middle East, which is characterized both by national and global problems. The authors reveal the ambiguous position of EU member states with respect to the illegal migration and identify two basic approaches, which were formed in the course of political discussions concerning this crisis in the context of EU safety. In particular, the research shows the changes in the content of threats to the EU member states, caused by the uncontrollable migration in the recent decades. The article presents a survey of the fundamental characteristics of migratory crisis, the measures developed by the EU structures for its overcoming and the results of their implementation.El presente artículo estudia los flujos incontrolables y masivos de migrantes que viajan a la Unión Europea (UE) desde 2014. Tanto en el ámbito público como el científico, este fenómeno fue llamado “crisis migratoria”. Este documento analiza las causas que provocaron los movimientos migratorios desde África y Oriente Medio, las cuales tienen sus raíces tanto en problemas nacionales como globales. Asimismo, los autores revelan la posición ambigua de la UE con respecto a la inmigración ilegal, identificando dos principales enfoques que se crearon durante el desarrollo de discusiones políticas relativas a la crisis en el contexto de la seguridad en la UE. En particular, esta investigación muestra los cambios en forma de “amenazas” a los estados miembros de la UE provocados por la incontrolable migración de las últimas décadas. Este artículo también presenta un estudio de las características fundamentales de la crisis migratoria, las medidas adoptadas por las instituciones de la UE para afrontarla y los resultados que han tenido la implementación de las mismas.Este artigo estuda os fluxos incontroláveis e massivos de migrantes que viajam para a União Européia (UE) desde 2014. Nas duas esferas, pública e científica, esse fenômeno foi chamado de "crise migratória". Este documento analisa as causas que causaram os movimentos migratórios da África e do Oriente Médio, que têm suas raízes em problemas nacionais e globais. Além disso, os autores revelam a posição ambígua da UE no que diz respeito à imigração ilegal, identificando duas abordagens principais que foram criadas durante o desenvolvimento de discussões políticas relacionadas com a crise no contexto da segurança na UE. Em particular, esta pesquisa mostra as mudanças na forma de "ameaças" aos estados membros da UE causadas pela migração incontrolável das últimas décadas. Este artigo também apresenta um estudo sobre as características fundamentais da crise migratória, as medidas adotadas pelas instituições da UE para lidar com ela e os resultados da implementação da mesma.В настоящей работе рассматриваются массовые и неконтролируемые потоки мигрантов в Европейский союз (ЕС), начиная с 2014 года. В научном и общественном дискурсе это явление получило название "миграционный кризис". В статье анализируются причины вынужденной миграции из Африки и Ближнего Востока, которая характеризуется как национальными, так и глобальными проблемами. Авторы выявляют неоднозначную позицию государств-членов ЕС в отношении нелегальной миграции и выделяют два основных подхода, которые сформировались в ходе политических дискуссий относительно данного кризиса в контексте безопасности ЕС. В частности, исследование показывает изменения в содержании угроз для государств-членов ЕС, вызванные неконтролируемой миграцией за последние десятилетия. В статье представлен обзор фундаментальных характеристик миграционного кризиса, разработанных структурами ЕС мер по его преодолению и результатов их реализации

METHODS FOR FORMING COMPETENCE OF STUDENTS IN THE FIELD OF LIFE SAFETY

В статье описаны возможные методы формирования компетентности обучающихся в сфере безопасности жизнедеятельности с учётом постоянного развития современного общества на примере Пермского суворовского военного училища, актуальность развития общекультурных, общепрофессиональных и профессиональных компетенций до необходимого уровняThe article describes the possible methods of building students' competence in the field of life safety, taking into account the continuous development of modern society on the example of the Perm Suvorov Military School, the relevance of the development of general cultural, professional and professional competencies to the required leve

2-[2-(1H-Imidazol-1-yl)-2-adamant­yl]phenol

In the title mol­ecule, C19H22N2O, the imidazole and benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 84.53 (5)°. In the crystal, classical inter­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds pair the mol­ecules into centrosymmetric dimers, and C—H⋯π inter­actions further link these dimers into columns propagated in [100]

Exact Self-consistent Particle-like Solutions to the Equations of Nonlinear Scalar Electrodynamics in General Relativity

Exact self-consistent particle-like solutions with spherical and/or cylindrical symmetry to the equations governing the interacting system of scalar, electromagnetic and gravitational fields have been obtained. As a particular case it is shown that the equations of motion admit a special kind of solutions with sharp boundary known as droplets. For these solutions, the physical fields vanish and the space-time is flat outside of the critical sphere or cylinder. Therefore, the mass and the electric charge of these configurations are zero.Comment: 17 pages, Submitted to the International Journal of Theoretical Physic

Singly generated quasivarieties and residuated structures

A quasivariety K of algebras has the joint embedding property (JEP) iff it is generated by a single algebra A. It is structurally complete iff the free countably generated algebra in K can serve as A. A consequence of this demand, called "passive structural completeness" (PSC), is that the nontrivial members of K all satisfy the same existential positive sentences. We prove that if K is PSC then it still has the JEP, and if it has the JEP and its nontrivial members lack trivial subalgebras, then its relatively simple members all belong to the universal class generated by one of them. Under these conditions, if K is relatively semisimple then it is generated by one K-simple algebra. It is a minimal quasivariety if, moreover, it is PSC but fails to unify some finite set of equations. We also prove that a quasivariety of finite type, with a finite nontrivial member, is PSC iff its nontrivial members have a common retract. The theory is then applied to the variety of De Morgan monoids, where we isolate the sub(quasi)varieties that are PSC and those that have the JEP, while throwing fresh light on those that are structurally complete. The results illuminate the extension lattices of intuitionistic and relevance logics

Latex agglutination test for rapid detection of antibodies to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus of salmon

Latex-agglutination preparations were produced for detection of antibodies to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus of salmon with analytical sensitivity of 0,9 цд/ті. While testing 40 blood samples using latex-agglutination test the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 92 and 100%, respectively. The latex-agglutination is a simple and rapid test; it can be used for retrospective diagnostics of the disease and determination of the titer of antibodies to the virus under conditions of a veterinary laboratory and even a fish farm

Construction of the Initial Part of a Ion Linear Accelerator from Similar Short Cavities

The construction of the initial part of a normally conducting linac for hydrogen ion beams with a pulsed current of ~20 mA up to an energy of ~70 MeV is considered. The RFQ at a frequency of ~160 MHz accelerates ions to an energy of ~4 MeV. Further acceleration is carried out at a doubled frequency by short, up to $5\beta\lambda$, cavities, operating in the TM010 mode, with drift tubes. Focusing is carried out by doublets of quadrupole lenses placed between the cavities. The structure of the accelerating-focusing channel, with given beam parameters, with reserves provides both the conditions for stable longitudinal and transverse motion of particles, and reliable technical implementation. The main results of the simulations of particle dynamics and the main parameters of the elements of the channel are presented. The possibility of constructing an linac with a higher output energy is analyzed.Comment: in Russian languag

Finitely generated free Heyting algebras via Birkhoff duality and coalgebra

Algebras axiomatized entirely by rank 1 axioms are algebras for a functor and thus the free algebras can be obtained by a direct limit process. Dually, the final coalgebras can be obtained by an inverse limit process. In order to explore the limits of this method we look at Heyting algebras which have mixed rank 0-1 axiomatizations. We will see that Heyting algebras are special in that they are almost rank 1 axiomatized and can be handled by a slight variant of the rank 1 coalgebraic methods