All the (Many, Many) Things We Know: Extended Knowledge *

Abstract In this paper we explore the potential bearing of the extended mind thesis-the thesis that the mind extends into the world-on epistemology. We do three things. First, we argue that the combination of the extended mind thesis and reliabilism about knowledge entails that ordinary subjects can easily come to enjoy various forms of restricted omniscience. Second, we discuss the conceptual foundations of the extended mind and knowledge debate. We suggest that the theses of extended mind and extended knowledge lead to a bifurcation with respect to the concepts of belief and knowledge. We suggest that this conceptual bifurcation supports a form of pluralism about these concepts. Third, we discuss whether something similar can be said at the metaphysical level

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

The Impact of Increased Skin-to-Skin Contact With the Mother in Breastfeeding Neonates on Exclusive Breastfeeding at 4 and 8 Weeks Postpartum

Objective: To evaluate dose of skin-to-skin (STS) contact as a nursing intervention to increase the rate of exclusive breastfeeding after dischargeDesign: A descriptive correlational studySetting: A Level II maternity unit in OhioParticipants: Women who had a vaginal delivery of a term, well newborn, with intent to exclusively breastfeedMethods: Newborns were placed STS with their mothers at birth. Mothers were encouraged to maintain frequent STS with their newborns while in the hospital, and kept a log of STS time. A lactation consultant made follow-up phone calls at 4 weeks and 8 weeks postpartum to assess breastfeeding exclusivity. Spearman rho was used to analyze the data.Results: Duration of STS was not correlated with exclusive breastfeeding at either 4 weeks or 8 weeks postpartum. However, early STS was correlated with exclusive breastfeeding at 4 weeks postpartum

The Impact of Increased Skin-to-Skin Contact on Breastfeeding Neonates on Exclusive Breastfeeding at 4 and 8 Weeks Postpartum

Objective: To investigate the research question: Is there a relationship between the number of minutes of skin-to-skin (STS) contact between mother and infant during hospitalization and the rate of breastfeeding exclusivity at 4 and 8 weeks postpartum

The Impact of Increased Skin-to-Skin Contact on Breastfeeding Neonates on Exclusive Breastfeeding at 4 and 8 Weeks Postpartum

Objective: To investigate the research question: Is there a relationship between the number of minutes of skin-to-skin (STS) contact between mother and infant during hospitalization and the rate of breastfeeding exclusivity at 4 and 8 weeks postpartum