The Partisan Ranger Act: The Confederacy and the Laws of War

The article examines the Partisan Ranger Act as a novel expression of competing legal forces in the history of America\u27s laws of war that John Fabian Witt in his book Lincoln\u27s Code: The Laws of War in American History identified but did not explore

John Rutherfurd to John Kean, June 27, 1793

John Rutherfurd in Tranquility, NJ to John Kean, addressed to Philadelphia. This was a cover letter for money sent to Kean.https://digitalcommons.kean.edu/lhc_1790s/1359/thumbnail.jp

John Rutherfurd to Susan Kean, February 12, 1797

John Rutherfurd in Tranquility, NJ wrote to Susan Kean, unaddressed. There was a question over a particular bond and he directed Susan to ask the bank for help. People included: W. Smith, Peter, Mrs. Ricketts, Mary Ricketts, Cath. Ricketts. Places included: Philadelphia, PA, South Carolina.https://digitalcommons.kean.edu/lhc_1790s/1388/thumbnail.jp

Urinary felinine excretion in intact male cats is increased by dietary cystine

Felinine is a branched-chain sulfur amino acid present in the urine of certain Felidae, including domestic cats. The objective of the present study was to determine if additional cystine and/or dietary N would increase felinine and N-acetylfelinine excretion by intact male cats fed a low-protein (LP) diet. Feeding five adult intact male cats an LP diet (18·8% of metabolisable energy (ME) as protein) v. a high-protein diet (38·6% of ME as protein) resulted in a trend (P¼0·08) for decreased urinary felinine and no change in N-acetylfelinine excretion. In a 23 d study, when the LP diet was supplemented with L-cystine at 9·3 g/kg DM, urinary felinine:creatinine ratio showed a linear two-fold (121 %) increase (P,0·01) from 0·24 (SEM 0·05) to 0·53 (SEM 0·13) after 10 d. Subsequent feeding of the LP diet resulted in a decrease in felinine excretion to base levels. Plasma gglutamylfelinylglycine concentrations were consistent with the excretion of felinine. Supplementation of the LP diet with L-cystine (9·3 g/kg DM), dispensable amino acids and arginine to a second group (n 5) also resulted in a significant (P,0·01) but smaller (þ72 %) increase in the daily felinine:creatinine ratio (0·25 (SEM 0·04) to 0·43 (SEM 0·05)). The degree of felinine N-acetylation within groups was unaffected by dietary addition and withdrawal of amino acids. The results indicate that felinine synthesis is regulated by cystine availability, and that arginine may be physiologically important in decreasing felinine biosynthesis in intact male cats

John Rutherfurd to Susan Kean, circa April 1795

John Rutherfurd wrote to Susan Kean (likely in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Rutherford informed Susan that he had just returned from New York and found her letter with Mr. Kean’s request that he should receive an assignment of Robert Barnwell’s bonds and pay them the money as he received it. It was with great pain to hear that John Kean’s health prevented him from continuing to work at the First Bank of the United States. Hoped the fine weather of May and June helped him make a full recovery. This document is undated but appears to have been written in April 1795.https://digitalcommons.kean.edu/lhc_1790s/1664/thumbnail.jp

Bioavailability of lysine in heat-treated foods and feedstuffs

During the processing of foodstuffs, lysine can react with other compounds present to form nutritionally unavailable derivatives, the most common example of which are Maillard products. Maillard products can cause serious problems when determining the available lysine content of processed foods or feedstuffs as they can revert to lysine during amino acid analysis. Several methods have been developed to determine the dietary lysine available for the metabolic processes of animals including animal growth-based assays, reactive lysine chemical methods and digestibility assays. However, growth-based assays are laborious, highly variable and tend to determine utilization rather than availability. Chemically reactive lysine assays do accurately determine the unmodified lysine in a food or feedstuff, but do not determine available lysine as they incorrectly assume that reactive lysine digestion and absorption is 100%. Ileal digestibility assays measure digestible total lysine rather than digestible reactive lysine (available lysine) and so are inaccurate, especially when applied to processed protein sources. This thesis describes the development of a true ileal digestible reactive lysine assay for determining dietary (bio)available lysine. This assay couples the guanidination reaction, for determining reactive lysine, with a true ileal digestibility assay. The resulting apparent digestibility estimate is corrected to a true digestibility value by accounting for the endogenous ileal lysine flow. Selected reaction conditions for the guanidination of lysine in a heated lactose/casein mixture and digesta of rats fed unheated casein and heated lactose/casein was examined. Overall, suitable reaction conditions were 0.6 M O-methylisourea for 7 d in a shaking waterbath at 21 ± 2 °C with an O-methylisourea to lysine ratio of 1000 and a reaction mixture pH of 10.6 for casein and heated lactose/casein and 11.0 for digesta. The accuracy of the guanidination method for determining reactive lysine in a range of “ready-to-eat ” cereal-based breakfast foods and selected feedstuffs was tested by comparison with the reactive lysine content of the same protein sources when determined using the fluorodinitrobenzene method. Overall, there was excellent agreement between the two methods. The accuracy of the newly developed bioassay for determining digestible reactive (available) lysine for predicting lysine deposition was also tested using a heated skim milk powder. The true ileal total and reactive lysine digestibilities were determined for the heated skim milk powder which was then fed to pigs, along with two control diets which were formulated based on either total lysine digestibility or reactive lysine digestibility. All diets were limiting in lysine. The pigs fed the heated skim milk powder deposited the same (P > 0.05) amount of lysine (9.1 g d-1) as the pigs fed the control diet that was formulated based on reactive lysine digestibility (9.1 g d-1) but deposited significantly (P The new assay demonstrated that for a range of milk protein-based foods, there was little difference between digestible total lysine and digestible reactive lysine for most of the milk products tested. In contrast, for a range of “ready-to-eat” cereal-based breakfast foods, available lysine was 5 – 50% lower than that determined using the traditional assay, which is of concern given that breakfast cereals are perceived to be “healthy” foods. Similarly, the available lysine content of a range of moist and dry commercial cat foods was significantly (P <br/

Cases of Conscience: The Supreme Court and Conscientious Objectors to Military Service During the Post World War II Era

This thesis examines the history of American conscientious objectors to military service during the aftermath of World War II. It describes why conscientious objectors were viewed with distrust and suspicion for their refusal to bear arms in defense of the nation and considers how groups such as the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars attempted to prevent COs from enjoying key benefits of U.S. citizenship by demanding that conscientious objectors be excluded from public employment and denied most forms of government assistance. This thesis focuses on decisions of the United States Supreme Court following World War II that defined and extended the rights of conscientious objectors. Some of those decisions reflected and continued a debate over the protection of speech and claims of conscience that developed among the Justices on the Supreme Court following the end of World War I. This paper explores and evaluates the connections between the World War I era cases and decisions that followed the end of World War II. Analysis of the post World War II decisions reveals how the Supreme Court moved away from ideological debates over the protection of conscience towards the imposition of procedural rules designed to insure that administrative and judicial hearings involving COs met due process standards. The contests over the rights of conscientious objectors that followed the end of World War II displayed the expanding role the Supreme Court assumed in protecting the civil liberties of all Americans. The Supreme Court cases concerning conscientious objectors discussed here also showed how judicial protection of claims of conscience were influenced by Cold War fears that the philosophy of COs might undermine the ability of the nation to defend itself

Impact of large instream logs on river bank erosion

There has been abundant research into the effect of tree roots on stabilizing river banks, and also on the effect of trees on bed-scour after they have fallen into the stream, but there is little research into the effect of instream logs on bank erosion. Here we develop the hydraulic theory that predicts local and reach scale bank erosion associated with instream logs with various configurations and distributions and conclude that individual log can increase local bank erosion, but multiple logs can reduce overall reach erosion. Where there is consistent bank strength, the local erosion varies in a non-linear way with the angle, size and position of the log. The reach scale effect of multiple logs depends on the distribution of logs and the proportion of the reach occupied by logs. Erosion effects of instream logs are difficult to measure. We are testing the above theory of erosion associated with instream logs in a series of anabranches of different sizes that experience consistent irrigation flows each year (on the Murray River in SE Australia). These channels have high erosion rates, abundant logs, and are like a giant flume that allows us to measure erosion processes, as well as hydraulics, in a controlled setting

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the photosynthetic tissue of maize :a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in biochemistry at Massey University

The aim of this study was, a). to examine further, aspects of the role of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis in the provision of acyl lipid for plastid development, and b}. to purify acetyl-CoA carboxylase from maize leaves using the affinity methods which have been used successfully to purify the enzyme from animal tissues. In a constant weight of tissue, carboxylase activity decreased 7.6-fold over the period of 4 to 12 days after sowing, while total acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity increased 9-fold in maize seedlings over the period of 4 to 8 days with no further increase up to day 12. Protein levels decreased 3-fold over the growth period examined, while specific activity was constant at 27.2 to 28.3nmol/min/mg of protein between 4 and 6 days, before increasing to a maximum of 33.2nmol/min/mg of protein at day 7, then decreasing to one third of the maximum value on day 12. Chlorophyll levels in a constant weight of tissue increased 260-fold over the period of 4 to 11 days. The changes in the level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity paralleled changes in fatty acid levels in tissue along the length of the 9-day-old maize leaf. The levels of both biochemical parameters increased in the region from the leaf base to 15mm along the leaf. After which they both decreased to a minimum at 25-30mm along the leaf before increasing to a maximum at 60mm along the leaf, and finally decreasing towards the leaf tip. A 5-fold increase in acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity was observed from the least favourable chloroplast stromal concentrations of ATP, ADP, Mg2+ and tt+ in the dark, to the most favourable concentrations of these metabolites present in the chloroplast stroma during light periods. These findings are consistent with, 1). a role for acetyl-CoA carboxylase in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis in maize photosynthetic tissue and, 2). control of acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity via light-dependent changes in the pH and concentrations of ATP, ADP and Mg2+ found in the stroma of chloroplasts. Several attempts were made to purify acetyl-CoA carboxylase using avidin-affinity chromatography. However, after the initial, apparently successful attempt, active enzyme could not be recovered from the avidin-affinity column upon elution with biotin. Changes were made to several chromatographic conditions, and although ionic strength in the range of 0.1 to l.0M KCl, did not affect the elution of active acetyl CoA carboxylase from the column; lowering the column flow rates from l.5ml/hr/ml of gel to 0.15-0.3ml/hr/ml of gel did appear to enhance the binding of the enzyme to the column. Using this flow rate, a 62 000 dalton protein and a 54 500 dalton protein were eluted in a fraction found to contain biotin-containing proteins. Since it is feasible that the 62 000 dalton is biotin-containing and since this protein has a similar molecular weight to 60 000-62 000 dalton biotin-containing subunit of maize leaf acetyl-CoA carboxylase, the potential for purifying acetyl-CoA carboxylase from maize leaves using avidin-affinity chromatography seems to exist. However, further investigation is necessary in order to facilitate the recovery of active carboxylase from the avidin-affinity column

Comparison of Three Salivary Collection methods to Assess Physiological Markers.

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