15 research outputs found
Assessment of disease lesion removal as a method to control chronic Montipora white syndrome
Coral colonies in Kaâneâohe Bay, Hawaiâi (USA), are afflicted with the tissue loss disease chronic Montipora white syndrome (cMWS). Here we show that removal of chronic disease lesions is a potential method to slow the progression of cMWS in M. capitata. Over the 24 wk observation period, treatment colonies lost almost half the amount of tissue that was lost by control colonies. The percentage of tissue loss at each sampling interval (mean ± SEM; treatment: 1.17 ± 0.47%, control: 2.25 ± 0.63%) and the rate of tissue loss per day (treatment: 0.13 ± 0.04%, control: 0.27 ± 0.08%) were both significantly lower on treated colonies than control colonies. While lesion removal stopped tissue loss at the initial infection site, which allowed colony healing, it did not prevent re-infection; in all but one of the treated colonies, new cMWS lesions appeared in other areas of the colony but not around the treatment margins. Additionally, the rate of new infections was similar between treatment and control colonies, indicating that physical injury from lesion removal did not appear to increase cMWS susceptibility. These results indicate that lesion removal reduced morbidity in M. capitata exhibiting cMWS but did not stop the disease
First Record of Black Band Disease in the Hawaiian Archipelago: Response, Outbreak Status, Virulence, and a Method of Treatment
A high number of coral colonies, Montipora spp., with progressive tissue loss were reported
from the north shore of Kauaâi by a member of the Eyes of the Reef volunteer reporting network.
The disease has a distinct lesion (semi-circular pattern of tissue loss with an adjacent
dark band) that was first observed in Hanalei Bay, Kauaâi in 2004. The disease, initially
termed Montipora banded tissue loss, appeared grossly similar to black band disease
(BBD), which affects corals worldwide. Following the initial report, a rapid response was initiated
as outlined in Hawaiâiâs rapid response contingency plan to determine outbreak status
and investigate the disease. Our study identified the three dominant bacterial constituents
indicative of BBD (filamentous cyanobacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria, sulfide-oxidizing
bacteria) in coral disease lesions from Kauaâi, which provided the first evidence of BBD in
the Hawaiian archipelago. A rapid survey at the alleged outbreak site found disease to affect
6-7% of the montiporids, which is higher than a prior prevalence of less than 1% measured
on Kauaâi in 2004, indicative of an epizootic. Tagged colonies with BBD had an
average rate of tissue loss of 5.7 cm2/day over a two-month period. Treatment of diseased
colonies with a double band of marine epoxy, mixed with chlorine powder, effectively reduced
colony mortality. Within two months, treated colonies lost an average of 30% less tissue
compared to untreated controls
Vibrio coralliilyticus Strain OCN008 Is an Etiological Agent of Acute Montipora White Syndrome
Identification of a pathogen is a critical first step in the epidemiology and subsequent management of a disease. A limited number of pathogens have been identified for diseases contributing to the global decline of coral populations. Here we describe Vibrio coralliilyticus strain OCN008, which induces acute Montipora white syndrome (aMWS), a tissue loss disease responsible for substantial mortality of the coral Montipora capitata in Ka neâohe Bay, Hawaiâi. OCN008 was grown in pure culture, recreated signs of disease in experimentally infected corals, and could be recovered after infection. In addition, strains similar to OCN008 were isolated from diseased coral from the field but not from healthy M. capitata. OCN008 repeatedly induced the loss of healthy M. capitata tissue from fragments under laboratory conditions with a minimum infectious dose of between 107 and 108 CFU/ml of water. In contrast, Porites compressa was not infected by OCN008, indicating the host specificity of the pathogen. A decrease in water temperature from 27 to 23°C affected the time to disease onset, but the risk of infection was not significantly reduced. Temperature-dependent bleaching, which has been observed with the V. coralliilyticus type strain BAA-450, was not observed during infection with OCN008. A comparison of the OCN008 genome to the genomes of pathogenic V. coralliilyticus strains BAA-450 and P1 revealed similar virulence-associated genes and quorum-sensing systems. Despite this genetic similarity, infections of M. capitata by OCN008 do not follow the paradigm for V. coralliilyticus infections established by the type strain
Hawaiʻi Coral Disease database (HICORDIS):species-specific coral health data from across the Hawaiian archipelago
AbstractThe HawaiÊ»i Coral Disease database (HICORDIS) houses data on colony-level coral health condition observed across the Hawaiian archipelago, providing information to conduct future analyses on coral reef health in an era of changing environmental conditions. Colonies were identified to the lowest taxonomic classification possible (species or genera), measured and assessed for visual signs of health condition. Data were recorded for 286,071 coral colonies surveyed on 1819 transects at 660 sites between 2005 and 2015. The database contains observations for 60 species from 22 genera with 21 different health conditions. The goals of the HICORDIS database are to: i) provide open access, quality controlled and validated coral health data assembled from disparate surveys conducted across HawaiÊ»i; ii) facilitate appropriate crediting of data; and iii) encourage future analyses of coral reef health. In this article, we describe and provide data from the HICORDIS database. The data presented in this paper were used in the research article âSatellite SST-based Coral Disease Outbreak Predictions for the Hawaiian Archipelagoâ (Caldwell et al., 2016) [1]
Bullying escolar: um fenĂŽmeno multifacetado
School bullying can involve children in different ways, making them play different roles, among them, victims, bullies and bully-victims. The aim of this study was to describe how bullying occurs in high social vulnerability schools of Florianópolis metropolitan area and the roles played by students in this phenomenon. Overall, 409 children and adolescents from the 3rd to 5th grades and of two public elementary schools aged 8-16 years (X = 11.14) participated in this study. As a tool, the Olweus Questionnaire adapted to the Brazilian population was used. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were applied by the Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests. As for results, 29.8% of boys and 40.5% of girls reported being victims; 32.3% of boys and 24.6% of girls reported being bullies. Victims were the most willing to help a colleague who is suffering from bullying (X = 1.54; p> 0.001), even if they do not know the victims (X = 1.57; p> 0.004). Bullies are differentiated from the group that does not participate (X = 1.73) and the group of victims (X = 2.34), being those who felt less alone (x = 1.47; p> 0.001). It was concluded that the information obtained in this study is indispensable in the search for alternatives to reduce school bullying. The strengthening of relations between school and students and a better preparation of teachers and school staff are extremely necessary to try to minimize the effects of risk factors to which these children are exposed and consequently violence at school.O bullying escolar pode envolver crianças de diferentes
maneiras, fazendo com que essas assumam papéis diferenciados.
Dentre estes, tĂȘm-se vĂtimas, agressores e vĂtimas-agressoras. O
objetivo deste estudo foi descrever como ocorre o bullying em
escolas de alta vulnerabilidade social da Grande FlorianĂłpolis
e os papéis assumidos pelos alunos nesse fenÎmeno. Quanto ao
método, participaram 409 crianças e adolescentes do terceiro
ao quinto ano e da quarta à sexta série do ensino fundamental,
de duas escolas pĂșblicas municipais, com idades entre 8 e 16
anos (X=11,14). Como instrumento, utilizou-se o QuestionĂĄrio
de Olweus adaptado à população brasileira. Para a anålise
dos dados, empregaram-se a estatĂstica descritiva e estatĂstica
inferencial por meio dos testes Mann Whitney e Kruskal Wallis.
Quanto aos resultados, 29,8% dos meninos e 40,5% das meninas
relataram terem sido vĂtimas; jĂĄ 32,3% dos meninos e 24,6%
das meninas relataram terem sido agressores. As vĂtimas foram
as que se mostraram mais dispostas a ajudar como podem um
colega que esteja sofrendo agressĂŁo (X=1,54; p>0,001), mesmo
que não o conheçam (X=1,57; p>0,004). Em contrapartida,
os agressores se diferenciaram do grupo que nĂŁo participa
(X=1,73) e do grupo das vĂtimas (X=2,34), sendo aqueles que
menos se sentiram sozinhos (X=1,47; p>0,001). Concluiu-se
que as informaçÔes obtidas neste estudo são indispensåveis
na busca de alternativas para redução do bullying escolar. O
fortalecimento das relaçÔes entre escola e alunos, e um maior
preparo dos professores e funcionĂĄrios sĂŁo extremamente
necessĂĄrios para tentar minimizar os efeitos dos fatores de
risco a que essas crianças estão expostas e consequentemente a
violĂȘncia na escola.CAPES - Proc. nÂș 0815/14-4CIEC - Centro de Investigação em Estudos da Criança, IE, UMinho (UI 317 da FCT)Projeto EstratĂ©gico da FCT: UID/CED/00317/201
Phylogenetic relationship of <i>Beggiatoa</i> spp. isolated from disease lesions from Kauaâi to other <i>Beggiatoa</i>.
<p>A phylogenetic tree was generated using the Maximum Likelihood method with sequences from 14 other <i>Beggiatoa</i> and closely related sulfur-oxidizing strains including representative type strains from the Thiotrichaceae family. No 16S rRNA gene sequences from <i>Beggiatoa</i> found in BBD from other regions were available for comparison. The tree with the highest log likelihood is shown, and 1000 bootstrap replicates were used. NCBI accession numbers are in brackets, and bootstrap values are indicated at branch nodes. Scale bar represents five substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.</p
The lesion occlusion method of disease treatment.
<p>A) Infected <i>M</i>. <i>capitata</i> before treatment. B) Colony with marine epoxy over lesion and with a band of epoxy placed as a âfirebreakâ approximately 5 cm away. C) Same colony two months post-treatment. Note that the marine epoxy is overgrown with algae and the edge of the lesion is starting to grow over the epoxy. D) Control infected <i>M</i>. <i>capitata</i> before marking with marine epoxy. E) Colony with marine epoxy approximately 5 cm behind lesion. F) Control colony after two months.</p
Phylogenetic relationship of cyanobacterium OCN074, isolated from disease lesions from Kauaâi, to other cyanobacteria.
<p>All 16S rRNA gene sequences from the three Kauaâi BBD cyanobacterial isolates were identical. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the Maximum Likelihood method. The â*â indicates cyanobacteria associated with BBD of Palau (*[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120853#pone.0120853.ref042" target="_blank">42</a>]) the Red Sea (**[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120853#pone.0120853.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>]), and the Florida Keys (***[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120853#pone.0120853.ref043" target="_blank">43</a>]). The tree with the highest log likelihood is shown, and 1000 bootstrap replicates were used. NCBI accession numbers are in brackets and bootstrap values are indicated at branch nodes. Scale bar represents two substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.</p
Brightfield image of Beggiatoa sp. filaments removed from disease lesions.
<p>Image taken at 60x magnification. Black bar represents 20 ÎŒm.</p